Native American Sports Essay example - 1837 Words

Native Americans are known for many different qualities they had as a part of their lifestyle. The games and sports they created to play that are now used in today’s society, lacrosse being the most famous. Some of the games played in the early times are either drastically changed or no longer played. There are many different Native American tribes that factor out cultural differences and depending on the tribe, the lifestyle qualities such as sports, games, and rituals differentiate between one another. All games varied depending upon the tribal culture. Most matches were set up to play tribe versus tribe and other matches were played where villages of the same tribe challenged other villages. There were three groups of Indians that†¦show more content†¦This group of Indians did not have any certain tribes to make up their big tribe. They all just went by the name of Iroquoian Indians. Like the other groups, this one played themselves. It is known that the Iroquoian Indians played village versus village because they didn’t have so many different tribes of Indians. All of these groups of Indians were famous for the sport Lacrosse (Thomas Vennum Jr.). The sport that Native Americans are most famous for is Lacrosse. It was widely, and still is, commonly known throughout the Americas. While mostly found played near the Atlantic Seaboard and around the Great Lakes area, it was also played in the South, on the grasslands and plains in California, and in the Pacific Northwest. There were three different forms of Lacrosse based on the equipment that was used, the type of goal used, and stick handling techniques. These different forms could be found throughout many different tribes and tribal groups. The materials used in this sport were curved rackets, one ball, goal posts, and the players. The ball was generally made of either wood or buckskin. The rackets had a net on the end to hold the ball in place when running to score at the end of the field. Hundreds of players participated in this sport and often prizes were given out to the winners. â€Å"J.G Kohl declared Lacrosse to be the finest and grandest sport of all† (Native Ame rican Sports 1800-1860). Other forms of Lacrosse include ShinnyShow MoreRelatedSports Teams With Native American Mascots1667 Words   |  7 PagesWell Known Sports Teams with Native American Mascots Have you thought about the name or mascot of your favorite sports team like the Chicago Blackhawks, the Washington Redskins, or even a college team like Florida State Seminoles? These teams and more have been accused of being racist towards Native Americans and their culture. However, many teams do not intentionally use their mascots to discriminate against Natives. Instead, they represent Native American Tribes and use names to respect the historyRead MoreProfessional Sports Teams : Native American Mascots1224 Words   |  5 PagesThe Native American people have been apart of America ever since the â€Å"white man† came over from Europe. There traditions have been around for as long as they have been alive. They were the first people on the land we call home today. The Native American people have done more for this land than we have and we do not appreciate them at all for that. It is crazy how some people just blow them off like they are less than us and do not get anything special, but they do not also need to be disrespectedRead MoreEssay on Sports Mascots Honor the Native American Indian1796 Words   |  8 Pagesacross the eastern seaboard, sports fans were tasting success - while American Indians were in an uproar.   This year witnessed the peak of the protests over the use of mascots with American Indian themes.   With two of the major professional sports teams in question making front-page news across the country, many of us heard American Indians complaints for the first time.   Suddenly, thanks to the cries of thousands of demonstrators, the names of many Americans favorite teams had become synonymousRead MoreUse of Racist Native American Mascots in Professional Sports Essay examples798 Words   |  4 Pageslooked up at Mikes hat. The Cleveland Indian logo goofily stared down at me. The mascot of the Cleveland perpetuates a stereotypical image of Native Americans as a savage being tamed by settlers. Baseball, an American institution, is guilty of disgusting racism. This blatantly racist symbol must strike an angry chord with contemporary Native Americans, whose past overflows with examples of cultural abuse. On the hat of each player, an Indian with swollen red face and stupid slaphappy grin appearsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Atlanta Braves Game Knows What It1329 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement. What some may not realize is that they are a part of an American movement that turns a blind eye to hostility and racial abuse towards Natives. This movement takes Native Americans and dresses them up in feathers and beads, braids their hair and smears warpaint on their faces and then parades them around during football or baseball games, calling them names like ‘redskins’, ‘savages’ and ‘braves’. Some may say that this honors Natives , that to stereotype against a race of people based on theirRead MoreBaseball, Hockey, And Soccer1508 Words   |  7 Pagesof these sports are American past times. Most have their favorite teams in which they follow and some even tail gate at their games. Then you also have your die-hard fans who get dressed up in the team colors and according to team name or mascot. In some cases like that of Red skin fans that sometimes include fans appropriating Native Americans by wearing red face paint, head dresses, and war paint. In recent years the Red Skins and other sports teams have received back lash from the Native AmericanRead MoreNative American Controversy Essays837 Words   |  4 PagesNative American Controversy â€Å"People ask me why I don’t just let this go. It’s all in the past, they say. I tell them that there is no past tense in the Cheyenne language. The past is not gone. As I stand here before you, all of my ancestors stand with me.† ...Suzan Shown Harjo This controversy of using Native American mascots has been origins that are engrained deeply into Indian and Non-Indian relationsRead MoreThe use of Native Americans as mascots or team names has developed an issue that has been drawing600 Words   |  3 PagesThe use of Native Americans as mascots or team names has developed an issue that has been drawing controversy in today’s society. The question that must be asked then is: Why do we as a society quietly permit such disrespectful and hurtful conduct towards Native Americans continue, without taking any affirmative action to restrict it? Having people who run around in war paint and headdresses whooping it up at the sport games doesn’t honor anyone’s culture. It just praises racism and encourages peopleRead MoreMascots : An Honor Or An Insult?1352 Words   |  6 PagesMascots: An honor or an insult? The idea of using Native American names and images in sports has been a topic of public controversy in the United States since the 1960’s. Sports mascots that continue to promote racial, cultural, or bias slurs should be changed so that racial discrimination can be stopped and everyone can be treated equally/fairly. In today’s society, there is no room for racism or stereotypes especially in sports; an activity that is supposed to bring people together to supportRead MoreThe Chicago Blackhawks, Washington Redskins, Cleveland1379 Words   |  6 PagesIndians, Kansas City Chiefs, and Atlanta Braves are all professional sport teams in America that use Native American culture to represent them through the means of tribe names, logos, and mascots. These teams have received a lot of media attention around the debate on if the representation of Native Americans is offensive or not. Controversy surrounding Native American mascots first came into the public eye during the 1960s Native American Civil Rights movement, where the use of these mascots was criticized

Native Americans History - 1879 Words

When asking a child, educated or not, what they ideas are when they hear the term Native American where does they mind venture to? More than likely do they not consider the former House of Representative, Charles D. Curtis or professor pitcher Joba Chamberlain. But they also do not think of a Native American as being an average person, a boy/girl like themselves. What children believe to be Native American are descriptions such as, feather headdresses, tomahawks, and long braided hair or scalped hair. This cartoon, Hollywood based description is not limited to the mind of a child, but it is what most Americans think of when they hear the term Native America. This icon of Native Americanism is a by-product of the long-lasting term, savages. Savages, by definition are â€Å"people regarded as primitive and uncivilized† . Throughout their history American Indians have had the trademark of savagery which has allowed Europeans to isolate, assimilate and mistreat this culture. In r esult, there has been a phenomenon, in which this paper will discuss as well as the history of savagery in the United States. Already rooted in the Americans and before the arrival of the English empire, the American Indians lived in harmony and peace with their surrounds. The American Indians were skilled farmers and hunters that used everything in their environment for their survival. They shared food and moved freely with the land, therefore creating a respect for nature. When the Europeans claimed theShow MoreRelatedNative American History : Native Americans1099 Words   |  5 Pages Native Americans A few thousands of years before the famous and high recognized explore Christopher Columbus’ ships landed in the Bahamas, a distinctive group of people discovered America. The ancestors of modern Native Americans who hiked over a â€Å"land bridge† from Asia more than 12,000 years ago. In fact, there is an estimate that more than 50 million people were already living in the Americas. As time passed, these migrants and their descendants pushed south and east, adapting as they wentRead MoreNative American History : Native Americans1879 Words   |  8 Pages†¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Native American Lives Since the beginning of time, conquering other societies has been a common occurrence. Almost every battle that has taken place has been documented. When stories of past battles are retold, only one side of the tale gets told, the victor’s side. In history, the ones who have been defeated never get to present their perspective of the tragic quarrels. Most never even lived to tell the stories, but the ones who do survive are not thought of as important accounts in history.Read MoreNative Americans And American History988 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, relationships between the Native Americans and the United States have been nothing but battle torn, and unfortunately have followed a consistent path of betrayal. There is no denying the universal fact that Native Americans have been unfairly treated and portrayed throughout American history. According to American history written during and after the war the Indian Wars that occurred were very subjective, and prejudiced in its depiction of the Native Americans. For example oneRead MoreNative American History And History785 Words   |  4 PagesAs we speak and history verifies the very fact of the long-standing planning practices of American Indian that had enabled them to survive through every hurdle placed in the way. Although many Native American societies didn’t have a written language, many tribes were advanced enough and had written history or organized spiritual ceremonies and practices. Many tribes were destroyed and others moved far away from their ancestral home. Since the origin, and till now, American Indians have been ableRead MoreNative Americans And American History1036 Words   |  5 PagesNative Americans do not experience enough social, political, and economic equality today because their stereotypes are portrayed in media, they do not have enough government representation, and they are not as well off as most Americans. Education plays a big part in how Native Americans are represented. Many schools, according to â€Å"The Coddling of the American Mind,† are overprotective of their students, thus censoring and limiting some important topics that students are required to learn. ThisRead MoreAmerican History: Native Americans 829 Words   |  3 PagesHave you ever wondered what it would be like to be Native American during the European invasion? In American history Native Americans were treated unfairly. The American government mistreated the Natives by lying to them and treating them as foreigners. After years of fighting for freedom the Natives did not achieve their goal for freedom. The Trail of Tears, being the most tragic event in American history, was due to the Removal Act in the 1830s, the misguidance of President Andrew Jackson, theRead MoreNative Americans And American History1396 Words   |  6 PagesNative Americans have remained a prominent aspect of American history; not jus t a history of the people, but a history of the land and the extensive traditions that shadowed it, like footprints in the sand. However, when the Europeans staggered over with indifference towards the natives and their unusual customs, a conflict erupted that dates back hundreds of years and continues into the present. As the United States grew further more intolerant of the natives, the daring judgment to either assimilateRead MoreNative Americans And American History Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesNative Americans, or Indians, as they were mistakenly called, have been the â€Å"pathetic footnotes to the main course of American history† (Axtell 981). But James Axtell, the author of Colonial America without the Indians: Counterfactual Reflections, would beg to differ. He says that instead, Indians played a key role in making America great. James Murray gives another term to describe America’s greatness: America’s â€Å"exceptionalism.† Throughout his art icle Axtell makes many points as to why IndiansRead MoreThe American Of Native American History Essay2006 Words   |  9 PagesLong before Europeans landed on the east coast of the American continent, native peoples were living and thriving across the land. This is historical fact that is taught in schools across the country. However, much of the rest of Native American history that we are exposed to in schools really does not reflect truth. While the broad lessons capture parts of the story, the reality is that much of the history is distorted and paints an inaccurate picture of the tribes and how they were treated by settlersRead MoreThe History of Native Americans Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pagesbrought suffering and death to Native American tribes. In the United States, Indian groups were willing to live with the newcomers until relations were strained by the continuing immigration to its territory, loss of resources, diseases and among other. Certainly, there were cultural differences between Indians and newcomers, but at the beginning; diplomacy, communication and consideration made the relations between them more bearable, but after a while, native were faced with people who

Top 10 Characteristics of schools that are Multicultural Free Essays

1. The school curriculum incorporates the contributions of many cultural groups and integrates multiple perspectives throughout it. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Top 10 Characteristics of schools that are Multicultural or any similar topic only for you Order Now Teachers and administrators are able to deal with questions of race, inter- group relations, and controversial realities on an objective, frank, and professional basis. 3. Differences in academic achievement levels disappear between males and females, dominant and oppressed group members, and upper-middle-class and low-income students. 4. Instructional materials are free of biases, omissions, and stereotypes. 5. The teachers and administrators show respect for the students’ first languages and dialects 6. Cultural differences are treated as differences, rather than as deficiencies that must be addressed in compensatory programs. 7. Students are able to use their own cultural resources and voices to develop new skills and to critically explore subject matter. 8. Students learn to recognize and confront inequities in school and society. 9. The composition of the faculty, administration, and other staff accurately reflects the pluralistic composition of the United States. 10. The faculty, administrators, and other staff see themselves as learners enhanced and changed by understanding, affirming, and reflecting cultural diversity. I feel that theses top ten characteristics are list in the correct order from most important to least important. Even though I do not feel there should be something that is not as important when it comes to this subject. I think that each of all ten is just as important. My first important is the school making sure that they incorporate different kinds of cultural groups into their class room this makes it so that all the student know what their cultural believes are they are all included in the class. I also feel it is important that teachers are able to deal with questions and have an understanding of how to answer the question about the different cultural. Gollnick, D. , Chinn, P. (2006). Multicultural education in a pluralistic society. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall How to cite Top 10 Characteristics of schools that are Multicultural, Papers

Leadership in Preparedness - Crisis - and Recovery

Question: Discuss about the Leadership in Preparedness, Crisis, and Recovery. Answer: Introduction: The Art Sphere Gallery School of Art in September of this year started its operations. It expanded it business location into 787 square foot facility from an ordinary room. The corner plot of the main and1st Streets in Birmingham, AL. The business has started in growing in an unordered way from September. This plan will present to make a framework for growth to maximize profit potential. By the end of third year, the plan may be successful to make increasing profits. (BPlans, 2016). The Art Sphere is dedicated in providing professional instruction and competent in art in a friendly way, with good surroundings and catering to the varying needs of target market groups. The Art Sphere trying to make a personal and longer term relationship with the customer who can be achieved by not focusing on generic art course that continued for six sections taught at Bessemer State College. The Art Sphere recognizes that the actual product that it sells is much different from the given instructions on arts. Helena Rubenstein said that in factories cosmetics is being manufactured but the product that is sold is called 'hope (BPlans, 2016). This is a true thinking at the Art Sphere. The product that is sold is viewed in different way by different buyers. A student with good potential may need special help in managing his portfolio at the time of applying to any art school. A 70 year-old woman may seek a fun way an otherwise empty day. An executive with huge stress may seek peace and relaxation. Encouragement, escape from loneliness, stress-relief, technical advice, self-expression, etc. were some of the products that were sold by the Art Sphere. The owners of the Art Sphere recognize that lessons on art may take place at less than $5.00/hour in some state college evening courses. The Art Sphere cannot compete with the prices. It can tailor the actual products that the customers sought will create and maintain a high level of sales (BPlans, 2016). Executive summary for plan A has started by giving effect to a clear growth rate in their sales from the time it started its business. The summary contains a financial growth graph that represents the numerical growth. The summary provides a review about the business growth with describing the need of a business plan. The summary gives the overview of the main factors that provides intended outcomes like penetration into the day-market in form of providing art classes, revision of pricing strategies and increasing profits (Boons Ldeke-Freund, 2013). The objectives of the business is to state the intention of expansion specially providing services for art classes. The objectives of the business includes that it can contribute to the profits of the company and can perform as the expansion indicator if they get the art classes filled for the morning and evening sessions by the 5th month of penetrating into the market (Grant, 2013). The company has the intension to expand business by separating the supplies and generating separate revenue from it. This is a good step from the side of the company. The company wants to maintain its profit from the time of its establishment which is the most important objective of the business. The advantage a business could get through targeting different market segments is described in the business plan. It differentiates between the products offered by the company and the art that they make from their students to learn from the classes. It states the different kind of customers like categorizing them in age group and their interests. The mission contains all the improvements which the art company could contribute to their business for its expansion (Thompson Trice-Black, 2012). The advantage which the company could have over its competitors can be concluded with the different kinds of customers. The company can maximize the utilization of available resources and maximize profits by managing the time for empty spaces in the art class. The resources should not get wasted after the usual classes time is over and the users can prolong their time easily. The conflict between owners and artists can be reduced in order to maximize the profit of the company (Matt, 2012). The location for the company is an important part compared to the competitors but attention to all the other details is also to be paid like comfortable seating, smoking policies, lights etc. Companys overview The overview of the company includes number of art students, available seating, the time and cost of each art class, the location. The management strategies are clearly mentioned and emphasized to get the maximum output from every resource. In the next section, companys overview is provided. To provide a review the owners experience is highlighted and the outlets and products are mentioned. The employment history and education well known persons is presented to prove the business credibility which means the business has started by the well-experienced people. This can be helpful to get a greater market share and to attract target market group. Total planned expenses to start the company are very realistic and are never over or under rated. The company does not take much of loans and is dependent on the assets, investments and the capital which is reserved for the company. The company has a big advantage about the location like being 6th unit in the street and having open doors to the street side. The plan indicates the improvement expenses of the company that they have to bear to meet their expectations like building paint and other repairs (Kupp, Reckhenrich Anderson, 2012). The plan has three main products and services which would be provided to meet customers expectations. The business can be expanded by offering day, mid-day and evening classes. The wide range of art supplies which is a good idea to produce revenue from the related products is offered. The plan provides that the owners who are well known icons in the field, would continue to sale their work (Cha et al., 2012) Marketing Analysis The plan involves almost all of the people of Birmingham to invest the time in companys business. The time duration from 9:00 Am to 9:00 Pm would be divided according to the age groups. These 12 hours are included to be fully utilized by the company. The evening classes are particularly planned for working people on jobs which the prominent part. Overall market share growth is 7.49% for the first five years considering all of age groups. The time and budget are given full considered to get the maximum outcome. The factors of interest, skill level and the time are an opportunity as the business plan identifies the need of the company and describes the competitiveness (Mullins, 2012). Each and every category has different features from the others and is a good service of the company. The resources are very well settled and developed to have each type of service according to the price and expectations of the customers. The plan includes competitors analysis and the products and services they are offering. The first competitor has time issues and is usually fully booked and does not offer classes during the day time. The second competitor in the plan is from an unorganized organization running by a woman with no particulars and specific line of business. The third competitor is also comparatively an average company. The fourth competitor has almost the same image as third competitor and does not offer any distinguishing or outstanding product. Operational Plan The plan identifies the real strengths of the company mentioned by its owners and the factors portraying the comparison with others. Multi-time slots, two experienced instructors, identification of market segments, availability of spot supply space available and high-profile location, student art exhibition are the enlisted strengths for the company. It has not met the expectations of getting students as the market strategy emphasizes to take into consideration the slot from 9:00 Am to 3:00 Pm particularly. The sales strategy wants to identify the plans to get the customers attention to their business. The business owners can provide free art lesson call for this purpose and the surroundings, time and number of people present would be taken into consideration according to each of the client. Implementation can be carried out taking profiles and following up. The plan also pays attention making contacts with the customers in details. To making continue making follow-up for each of the client the gestures and actions should be considered. The school-going aged group or the art supplies are forecasted to generate revenue for the business but not in a large scale in the starting days. The profit generating expectations for the company is clearly presented by the monthly sales which combine into the yearly sales. In 3 years, $1,20,000, $2,10,000 and $2,40,000 are forecasted to be generated through sales respectively. Sales program further emphasize on the same few points of objectives of the company. The company may need more investments to improve its operations and meet the expectations of the customer and him important facts can be further mentioned in a tabular format. Management Plan The two owners of the art schools would not allow any employee to the business but will manage by themselves. Concentration on the Art Company can be carried out by one of the owners. Both the owners would take minimum salary initially the company should continue the cash flow and the owners can take minimum salary. Financial Plan The break-down analysis and break-even analysis are presented to make the plan realistic to implement and the details are should be considered while making the financial plan. The important and detailed financial plan includes cash flows, balance sheet, profit and loss statement and business ratio and the projected amounts gives brief and detailed view of the overall business. The strong financial plans are intended for business expansions keeping everything real for implementation. The plan ends with sales forecast, personnel plan, general assumption table with interest rate and the tax that is mentioned in full details. Hart Fraeme Gallery is a gallery with fine arts and a custom frame shop with total service. The high-quality framing of custom is the cornerstone of the business of Hart Fraeme Gallery. The company is really famous in its field and offers same-day and 11-day custom framing without maintaining the standard of 21-day. The Galleryis founded for the innovative metro areawith trend-setting designs and an impeccable quality finished product (BPlans, Art Sales Custom Framing Business Plan, 2016). Hart Fraeme has several years of experience operating another art gallery and custom frame shop and is the owner and operator of the Gallery which is an S-Corporation. Mr. Fraeme has accumulated the knowledge, expertise, and contacts that has led him to found Hart Fraeme Gallery (BPlans, Art Sales Custom Framing Business Plan, 2016). The companydoes not have a retail location, but are planning a place to acquire a location inthe Uptown Mall. The lack ofnearby frame shops, as well asthe area demographics makes the location attractive for the customers. The Gallery is confident enough that it can enter and establish itself in the market as per the financial condition of the plan. The companyexpects sustainableincomeand gross margin the coming years as the financial projections are positive (BPlans, Art Sales Custom Framing Business Plan, 2016). Both the business plans are relevant for Art to performing better comparison of the same field plans. The company provides an exclusive service which is customs framing which is the least time taken for framing in comparison to the competitors. The trio polis metro area isthe innovative place with trend-setting designs. Finished products of impeccable quality at unmatched speeds are noted to gain strength of the company (Kapferer, 2012).The owner of the company has experience in framing of many years with a framing shop. The strength of the company is the location which is not having other frame shops. The summary describes that the gallery is planning to have a good retail location as they do not have any retail location for the gallery (Wild, Wild Han, 2014). Framing and artwork for sale divides the gallery into two categories which generates revenue. There are 500 moldingsand more than a thousand unique mat boards mentioned in the plan. The Gallery offers a large variety of design styles, decorative mat cuts with display options. The positive business growth of the company can be ensured by the future projects of the company mentioned in the plans (Gao, 2012). The company has the objective to open retail in the area of Tri Polis Metropolitan. The next objective of the company is to focus on marketing aspects like advertising and web store to receive the clients who wish to purchase online (Halme, Lindeman Linna, 2012).The third objective of the company is to have the competitive edge over the competitors which the time frames for some particular materials. The company is interested to maintain the relationship with the suppliers of the required for framing to ensure the competitive advantage of time. The order made on weekly basis will make a stronger relationship with the vendor. The efforts made for the improvement should be made in terms of being updated with the framing trend and getting updates on the fashion so that the company could strive to be among the trend-following competitors (Day, Muras Ryg, 2014) The foundation making statements of a company are the mission statements on which the company focuses. The company could exceed the traditional industry standards of framing with the lucrative designs which are made after the thorough review of traditional and other decoration trends ( Fanale Demaerschalk, 2012). The company has more strength like commitment to work and excellent craftsmanship and the keys to success are innovation, technology, time management and speed and craftsmanship (Hartman, DesJardins MacDonald, 2014). The summary ends with a graph of the profit and margins. Companys Overview The company has the time advantage of same-day or 11-days for framing in the market. The owner of the company has three years of experience in the field which includes managing human resource, marketing, advertising materials, recruitment and training etc. The costs to start the company can be distinguished in five major categories like framing equipment, inventory, retail equipment and fixtures, working capital and miscellaneous. The major part of start up costs depends on the loans and the investments. It ends with the summary of total assets and expenses. Products and Services The focus of the business is art and frame and the products and services are clearly mentioned. The types of frames and variety that are offered to the clients are stated in details. The business offers a variety of material that the customers can select according to their needs for framing. It depends on the style of different framing that was displayed and also on the medium. Market Analysis The handicrafts, wall dcor, shelves, sconces, mirror, etc. occupies the maximum market share and the break-down is presented in the table to describe the usual sold out art and most of the share goes to unframed art. The information about buyers is categorized into the demographic categories of age, urban and suburban, college graduates and for each category of art is presented separately. To generate the idea of target market a review of target buyers is to be presented. The local, international and local businesses and organizations are the three types of customers group and with the help of pie chart and in percentages in a table the market analysis can be carried out. The most interested in this business are mentioned in the target market strategy of the business. The homeowners are actually the most important part of the market share. The strengths of the business include the plan of the service business analysis in details. The strength of the company is innovation and the trends of the time. Now a day, people are aware of the trends and require changing the dcor according to the trends. There are few competitors at the location and the buying pattern of the customers depending on demographics is presented to clarify the target market share for the company. Strategy and Implementation The company strives for earning a good repute and has to earn a differentiation through its marketing and the products of service. The time speed and the technology are the most important factors in this tough competition where the software suite is mentioned that helps in designing and amendments by the designer or by the customer (Godach, 2012). The adaptability and the openness to the changes throughout the process of framing is an important advantage. Satisfied customer is the tool of marketing where as marketing strategy includes sales promotions and the speed of time in every advertisement. Sales strategy states the pricing strategy as the keystone to markup price settlements. The company would follows keystone markup for only the first order but afterwards it depends on supply and demand factor. The timings, material and labor cost would be determined for pricing for custom framing. The details on different materials for pricing are to be given. Sales forecasts should be discussed for a new company as the sales are quite higher for each year. The business is based on the loans and most of it is invested on advertisement .Any fluctuations in the business could face terrible outcomes. Web Plan Web plan summary has pointed out different purpose for launching a website. The factors stated in the business plans do not specify any particular profits for the company. The company information and contact can be found in every related websites. Only few people visits websites mentioned on the business cards and letterheads. The responsibilities of each individual in website development plans and requirements are mentioned at the end of the plan. Management Plan In the starting days of the company, the only employee was the founder and he plans to hire an assistant in order to take care of further tasks. In the first year two sales and two design assistants would be hired and the graphical representation of their salary is presented in the table. Financial Plan The overall break-down of assets, capital and expected generated revenue are described in the financial plan. The financial analysis are break through, break-even, cash flow, balance sheet, profit and loss statement and the ratio of business utilizing the cash is presented in detail. The details of sale forecast, personnel plan and cash flow are provided in the appendix. The business has a lot of strengths like presenting the realistic view of the facts and figures and its financial plan is very realistic (Halme, Lindeman Linna, 2012).The comparison between the competitors in the market is very much clear. The overview of the company with the objectives of the plan is made after detailed careful consideration. The competitive advantage that the company would be having is clearly stated. This business plan provides the review of its target market. The opportunity of location and speed of work gets highlighted. The price and other factors of the materials to make the final product are described here. The supplies that should be provided at the art school are not clearly explained. The plan does not explain the details of marketing strategy other than follow up which is going to be used. This plan is weaker if it is compared to plan A. The company is depends on loans but most of it is used in advertisement, so the financial plan is unrealistic. The owner has the possibility to get bankrupt if the plan does not work well and would have to wind up his business. The marketing strategy is comparatively weaker as they only use the words of commitment and innovation and do not implement them. The plan is very flexible and changes in frequent manner but in the real world it is not possible to change the plan (Junttila, 2015). The plan depicts the required information relating to financial, management and operational plans. The components in the plan clearly define and break down so that the reader could easily receive the details of each area. The plan has got much strength like taking advantage of location, advances forecasts, strategies, and timings of classes and utilization of most of the resources to get maximum profit (Mann Kost, 2012). The information presented in this plan is incomplete or unrealistic. The details of everything are provided but some of the significant parts like financial areas are ignored. At some point, the plan is very general and the competitive advantages are not worth investing time for. The assumptions that are made are unrealistic as only one person cannot take care of a growing business. A plan can never be realistic if economic condition and the market situation were ignored (Ker, 2012). Recommendations The Business Plan A should give importance and clearly defines the marketing strategy that should be used. Art is a really sensitive and difficult business to get majority of the audience. The reader should get attracted to the plan forits elaborative trait. The plan should be conservative about financial plans and projections by giving more details of the businesses involved. The art supplies details should be mentioned in the plan (Awe, 2012). This business plan B should have realistic financial plan. It is not recommended to depend on the loans and spending half of the money on the advertisement. The plan should focus on the competitive advantage other than time. There are many people who can wait for more time but may like some of the designs. Time may not be counted as critical factor in this regard. The plan should not be more flexible that it keeps on changing and results in the change of the entire planned resources (Van Assche, Beunen Duineveld, 2012) The plan should emphasize and describe the strengths in the systematic way of considering and referencing with facts and figures. The plan with all the assumptions should be revised. Challenges Lessons learnt The business plan must be big and high enough to reach big goals. It should be in a detailed way to give specific, break down of instructions on how to achieve those goals. The detailed overview of the market and competitors should be considered with relevant facts and figures before making a plan. Business plans are the projections that are a few percent of actual pictures but in real it should be very realistic for financial issues. A realistic financial plan makes the entire plan more validated (Barrow, Barrow Brown, 2012). All the plan segments sometimes become very difficult with the assumptions and projections and taking care of each and every side of financial issue. In real world, there are always unseen costs and event so the margin kept for these assumptions should be higher than assuming that economy and budget would always be under control (Maurya, 2012). The plan of other company surviving in the market, could give a brief idea of facts relating to it. One business could never target demographics exactly in the planned manner. The forecast of the target market would always keeps on fluctuating. The thorough evaluation of the market is necessary which shall be time consuming and should not be only a general review of the customers (Mann, Kost, 2012) A business plan should be really eye-catching till the end and should focus on the strengths of the company and its business plan. The plan should not be flexible to have frequent changes and should not be too conservative of accepting any changes in the place of work. I should be evenly managed (Edwards, Curtis, 2012). Some plans actually start in a very attractive manner of creating a spell on the mind of the readers but other plans involves are marketing, financial and operation do not make it realistic to believe. Another important fact that should be kept in mind is funding is not the only thing that could get the idea through and make successful plan. The best results can be obtained by combining the small and big integrations (Hsu, 2012). References BPlans. (2016). Art Sales Custom Framing Business Plan. Retrieved from BPlans: https://www.bplans.com/art_sales_custom_framing_business_plan/executive_summary_fc.php BPlans. (2016). Art School Gallery Business Plan. Retrieved from BPlans: https://www.bplans.com/art_school_gallery_business_plan/executive_summary_fc.php Boons, F., Ldeke-Freund, F. (2013). Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, 9-19. Awe, S. C. (2012).The Entrepreneur's Information Sourcebook: Charting the Path to Small Business Success: Charting the Path to Small Business Success. ABC-CLIO. Barrow, C., Barrow, P., Brown, R. (2012).The business plan workbook. Kogan Page Publishers. Cha, S. J., Kim, G., Jang, C. H., Jo, G. S. (2012). An Effective Learning Method in Art Using Virtual Reality and Ontology. InProceedings of the International Conference on IT Convergence and Security 2011(pp. 425-434). Springer Netherlands. Day, P. R., Muras, B. R., Ryg, A. M. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,775,412. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Fanale, C. V., Demaerschalk, B. M. (2012). Telestroke network business model strategies.Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases,21(7), 530-534. Gao, G., Penney, G., Ma, Y., Gogin, N., Cathier, P., Arujuna, A., ... Hancock, J. (2012). Registration of 3D trans-esophageal echocardiography to X-ray fluoroscopy using image-based probe tracking.Medical image analysis,16(1), 38-49. Grant, D. (2013).The business of being an artist. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.. Grodach, C. (2012). Before and after the creative city: the politics of urban cultural policy in Austin, Texas.Journal of Urban Affairs,34(1), 81-97. Halme, M., Lindeman, S., Linna, P. (2012). Innovation for inclusive business: Intrapreneurial bricolage in multinational corporations.Journal of Management Studies,49(4), 743-784. Hartman, L. P., DesJardins, J. R., MacDonald, C. (2014).Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. McGraw-Hill. Hsu, I. Y., Su, T. S., Kao, C. S., Shu, Y. L., Lin, P. R., Tseng, J. M. (2012). Analysis of business safety performance by structural equation models.Safety science,50(1), 1-11. Junttila, E. (2015). Using Value Proposition Design and Lean Method to Reduce Risks of Starting a Business: Case: Cuban Art Gallery. Kapferer, J. N. (2012).The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Kerr, R. (2012).The Gentleman's House: Or, How to Plan English Residences, from the Parsonage to the Palace. Cambridge University Press. Kupp, M., Reckhenrich, J., Anderson, J. (2012). Artful creationHow introducing artworks in business education can foster dialogue and creativity.Journal of the NUS Teaching Academy,2(2), 109-117. Mann, P., Kost, G. J. (2012). Point-of-care coordinator leadership in preparedness, crisis, and recovery.Point of Care,11(2), 102-107. Matt, A. D. (2012). Imaginary and the open source math exhibition platform. InRaising Public Awareness of Mathematics(pp. 167-185). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Maurya, A. (2012).Running lean: iterate from plan A to a plan that works. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.". Mullins, J. (2012).The new business road test: What entrepreneurs and executives should do before writing a business plan. Pearson UK. Thompson, E. H., Trice-Black, S. (2012). School-based group interventions for children exposed to domestic violence.Journal of family violence,27(3), 233-241. Uy, H. S., Edwards, K., Curtis, N. (2012). Femtosecond phacoemulsification: the business and the medicine.Current opinion in ophthalmology,23(1), 33-39. Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M. (2012). Performing success and failure in governance: Dutch planning experiences.Public Administration,90(3), 567-581. Wild, J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014).International business. Pearson Education Limited

Rock Vs. Classical Music free essay sample

Meyer Rock music of today has turned to sit because of Mats TRY, the billboards, and Brittany Spears record sales have something to do with the size of her breasts. Rock music from the asss through today will be remembered for years, but it lacks the true timelessness of classical music. Classical music has beautiful harmonies that be appreciated for thousands of years. Modern rock is a shallow reflection of the time, showing lack of development due to sell out bands making music for money and not o make music.Classical also has the advantage of being highly structured music. Having a distinct structure and showing development from beginning to end helps make a song timeless. Also the depth and complexity of writing for tens or even hundreds of Instruments will make classical music appreciated by people for endless expanse time. The harmonies In classical orchestral music are Impossible to reproduce with a small band of rock Instruments. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock Vs. Classical Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Modern rock has harmonies Just as all music does but the harmony between the lead guitar, bass guitar and the keyboard is no where near hat can be produced with an entire orchestra.Listen to Beethovens famous Fifth to hear the distortion that a solo of violins produces and what that can do for the sound. Then listen to something like Green Day or Corn. There is still distortion with the string instruments but with only two or three guitars in a modern rock band the depth of the sound is lost. Classical music Is typically very structured and organized. Mozart wrote all of his music with a very distinct Introduction, body, and conclusion. Listen to the introduction of his Requiem Mass and the distinct conclusion of Ellen Klein Enactments. Mozart music generally obeys the strictest rules of the time signature and the key. Then listen to the differences and general lack of structure In anything Bob Dylan wrote. Punk rock and hardcore death metal is even farther from strictly obeying the time signature. Pick up Pink Floods The Wall, Tools Laterals, and Nine Inch Nails The Fragile and to how the beginning and ending of each song is ambiguous. They flow together so that the point at which one song ends and the next begins is only known by the CD players time and track display. Modern rock is generally written for about four or five instruments and a lead voice that is consistent in every song. With an entire orchestra of instruments each section or even each Instrument can operate equally with all of the others. Solos and soles add even more to the depth and complexity. Rock music does have Its solos but not as often and usually Its only for a short time In a song. Right after the solo the Instruments return to their normal rank of lead guitar, keyboard, bass, then drums. O Rosins William Tell Future and how every instrument plays as the lead instrument at different points. Classical orchestral music and modern rock music have fundamental differences that obviously separate the styles but because modern rock lacks the beautiful harmonics, structure, and complexity it cannot be as timeless as Mozart can. Both types of music hold a certain value and although classical music sales are a small percentage compared to rock music, Beethoven will be listened to Just as much in 400 years as it IS today. The same cannot be said for even the Battles, Pink Floyd, or Metallic. Rock Vs. Classical Music free essay sample Having a distinct structure and showing development from beginning to end helps make a song timeless. Also the depth and complexity of writing for tens or even hundreds of instruments will make classical music appreciated by people for endless expanse time. The harmonies in classical orchestral music are impossible to reproduce with a small band of rock instruments. Modern rock has harmonies just as all music does but the harmony between the lead guitar, bass guitar and the keyboard is no where near what can be produced with an entire orchestra.Listen to Beethoven s famous Fifth to hear the distortion that a soil of violins produces and what that can do for the sound. Then listen to something like Green Day or Koran. There is still distortion with the string instruments but with only two or three guitars in a modern rock band the depth of the sound is lost. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock Vs. Classical Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Classical music is typically very structured and organized. Mozart wrote all of his music with a very distinct introduction, body, and conclusion. Listen to the introduction of his Requiem Mass and the distinct conclusion of Nine Klein Machinists.Mozart music generally obeys the strictest rules of the time signature and the key. Then listen to the differences and general lack of structure in anything Bob Dylan wrote. Punk rock and hardcore death metal is even farther from strictly obeying the time signature. Pick up Pink Floods The Wall, Tools Laterals, and Nine Inch Nails The Fragile and to how the beginning and ending of each song is ambiguous. They flow together so that the point at which one song ends and the next begins is only known by the CD players time and track display.Modern rock is generally written for about four or five instruments and a lead voice that is consistent in every song. With an entire orchestra Of instruments each section or even each instrument can operate equally with all of the others. Solos and collies add even more to the depth and complexity. Rock music does have its solos but not as often and usually its only for a short time in a song. Right after the solo the instruments return to their normal rank of lead guitar, keyboard, bass, then drums. Listen to a guitar solo in a Metallic song or a drum solo in a Koran song. Then listen to Rosins WilliamTell Future and how every instrument plays as the lead instrument at different points. Classical orchestral music and modern rock music have fundamental differences that obviously separate the styles but because modern rock lacks the beautiful harmonics, structure, and complexity it cannot be as timeless as Mozart can. Both types of music hold a certain value and although classical music sales are a small percentage compared to rock music, Beethoven will be listened to just as much in 400 years as it is today. The same cannot be said for even the Beetles, Pink Floyd, or Metallic.

CATALASE AND THE DECOMPOSITION OF H2O2 Essays - Disinfectants

CATALASE AND THE DECOMPOSITION OF H2O2 Essays - Disinfectants NAME: CLASS : DBT 4A DATE SUBMITTED : 14 AUG 2015 EXPERIMENT 4:CATALASE AND THE DECOMPOSITION OF H2O2 (VIRTUAL) PROCEDURE 1.Fill the beaker with water and 5ml of hydrogen peroxide. 2.Pipette 1ml of catalase enzyme into the beaker. 3.After 10 seconds, add sulfuric acid into the beaker. 4.Using titration method, check the presence of hydrogen peroxide in beaker. 5.Fill the burette with 5ml of potassium permanganate ( KMnO4). 6.Add KMnO4 drop by drop into the beaker until the H2O2 become purple color. 7.Record the data. 8.Repeat the step 1 until step 7 for 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 seconds. RESULTS Determination of catalase activity Time (s)10306090120180 Initial reading of KMnO4 (ml) 5 5 5 5 5 5 Final reading of KMnO4 (ml) 0.5 1.5 3 4 4.5 4.9 Amount of H2O2 that reacts with KMnO4 (ml) 4.5 3.5 2 1 0.5 0.1 Amount of H2O2 that was broken down by catalase 0.5 1.5 3 4 4.5 4.9 Amount of KMnO4 (ml) used 4.5 3.5 2 1 0.5 0.1 Rate determination Time intervals (s)0 - 1010 - 3030 - 6060 - 9090 -120120 - 180 Rate (ml/s)0.45 0.180.070.030.021.67 X 10-3 Calculation : Amount of H2O2 that reacts with KMnO4 (ml) = Rate (ml/s) Time 1)4.5ml 10 - 0 = 0.45 ml/s Graph DISCUSSION The purpose of this experiment is to study the rate of enzyme catalase which involves in hydrolyzing process. This means that to determine the time taken for the catalase to breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Amount of hydrogen peroxide that was broken down by catalase determined by the production of the bubbles. While the amount of remaining hydrogen peroxide measured by the help of potassium permanganate. Which means that amount of potassium permanganate needed to change the color of the catalase solution to purple is the remaining amount of hydrogen peroxide. Substrate of this experiment is the hydrogen peroxide while the products are water and oxygen gas. When the catalase enzyme is added to the beaker which contains water and hydrogen peroxide bubbling in the solution can be observed. The production of bubbles shows the process of breaking down of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas and it is the appearance of products. For an instance, 0.5ml of hydroge n peroxide was broken down by catalase enzyme in 10 seconds. Potassium permanganate was used to measure the disappearance of hydrogen peroxide by titration method. Potassium permanganate added to the hydrogen peroxide solution drop by drop until color changes occur. The solution turns into purple color which indicate the disappearance of the hydrogen peroxide. For an example, 4.5ml of potassium permanganate is used to change the color of solution into purple. The break down of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas by catalase can be summarized as : Catalase 2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2 Potassium permanganate is an oxidizing agent. Thus, it is reduced by hydrogen peroxide to a clear solution. But as soon as the hydrogen peroxide is gone the intense purple color of the permanganate will be visible. The equation of this reaction is : 5 H2O2 + 2MnO4- + 6H+ = 5O2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O

Relationship between decoration and structure in architecture Essay

Relationship between decoration and structure in architecture - Essay Example Decoration refers to the process of making a construction aesthetical while structure refers to the basic features of the structures that enhance the usability and effectiveness of the constructions. The need to balance between the two is vital owing to the role and relevance of the two features in the appropriateness of constructions. Architectures must strive to uphold the two while recognizing the variation in the priorities that they must provide each of the two features as portrayed in the discussion below. Among the fundamental structural features, that architectures must consider in the design of a construction is safety. Structural, material and functional honesty is an architectural value that guides the operations of architectures as they design and carry out various constructions. Honesty of a construction refers to the ability of the construction to bear the load without self-destructing since such would endanger the lives of the users. The value dictates that a structure must display its true purpose and not be merely decoration. This implies that the value recognizes the need for constructions to be aesthetical. However, it gives priority to the functionality of structures. Before incorporating various decorative features into a construction, architectures must ensure that the structures are safe and uphold their actual value. In case a decoration is likely to threaten the safety of a construction, the value dictates that the architectures must overlook such decorative measure s. Honesty as a design value ensures that designers consider and employ appropriate features that will ensure that a structure is safe and stay functional for the time set during its design. When designing a story building for example, the designers must consider such vital features such as the height of the structure, which as well influences the depth of the foundation especially with appropriate consideration to the stability of the location. The

Loyalty and its role in customer relationship management 02222 Essay

Loyalty and its role in customer relationship management 02222 - Essay Example This severely reduces the customer retention of the firm. Therefore maintaining the loyalty of the customers is imperative to organizational success. The companies are constantly seeking out for new ways to retain their existing customers. This paper is based on the study of customer relationship and how it is important in maintaining the customer loyalty. The consumer behaviour can be explained as the response that the consumers express under certain circumstances. These circumstances are often on the grounds of introduction of new products or services, post purchase behaviour and gradual change in the consumption patter of the society. These factors are always studies by the marketers so that they can provide the proper value addition for the consumers (Allentuck, 2007). The loyal of a customer towards a brand is mostly dependent on hid post purchase behaviour, which is turn is related to the buying process of the customer. The buying process of the customers can be divided into stages like need recognition, information search, evaluating alternatives, finalizing the purchase, post purchase behaviour. Among these four stages the post purchase behaviour determines whether or not the customer will remain loyal to the company. Customer loyalty can be described by the customer’s tendency to voluntarily make repeated purchase from one particular company. Anderson and Kerr (2008) stated that customer loyalty is proportional to their satisfaction level; more satisfied a customer is, the more likely he is to make a repeat purchase. The satisfaction of a customer can be assessed by the following five dimensions, which are cognitive, affective, conative, situational and social norms (Anderson and Kerr, 2009). The level of cognition suggests the level of relevancy between the customers’ needs or preferences and the offered products or services. The Affective dimension indicates how the customer

Criminal law foundation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal law foundation - Essay Example Some of the protected rights include assistance of counsel, protection against self-incrimination, just and speedy trial, right to confront the opposing witness and requirement that all infamous crimes be tried by a Grand jury as provided in 5th Amendment. Introduction The 4th, 5th and 6th Amendments of the US constitution provides for the safeguarded rights of accused persons. A criminal defendant whether an adult or juvenile has certain constitutional rights such as the right to be represented by a counsel, the right speedy trial, the right to a trial by a jury, the protection against self-incrimination and exclusionary right (Hall, 2012). The 4th Amendment protects the accused persons from any unlawful searches and seizures by the government authorities. The Exclusionary Rule provides that any evidence obtained by the law enforcement authorities is inadmissible before the court proceedings since it violates the 4th Amendment safeguarded rights (Hall, 2012). The Fifth Amendment pro tects the defendants from double jeopardy, and self-incrimination. Specifically, the Miranda warnings requires the police officers to warn the juveniles on the right to remain silent and right to give evidence in the company of any attorney since such evidence may be used against them in criminal proceedings (Hall, 2012). The fourth Amendment protects the accused from unreasonable searches and seizures. The exclusionary rule provides that evidence obtained illegally by government authorities is inadmissible in court proceedings since it violates the 4th Amendment (Scheb, 2009). The accused has the right to file a motion of suppress and prevent the prosecution using the illegally obtained evidence. This rule applies in seizures of weapons, stolen property and illegal drugs by the police authorities. In the case of Weeks v.US (1914) 232 U.S 383 , the court ruled that whereby the police authorities exceed their authority in obtaining evidence, such searches are void since they violate the accused rights under the 4th Amendment. However, Jones v, Kmart Corp, (1998) 17 Cal, App, 4th 329, 332, the judge ruled that evidence illegally obtained by individuals acting in a private capacity is not subject to the Exclusionary rule. The Exclusionary rule provides that evidence obtained from illegal searches may not form a basis for subsequent search or probable cause of the crime. The Exclusionary rule applies to all juvenile cases that have been filed according to the Welfare and Institutions Code. Some of the prohibited methods of obtaining evidence from the accused include torture, inhumane treatment, or any court-ordered surgical operation to remove a bullet from the defendant’s body. Some of the factors that courts observe in determining whether the evidence was obtained with the consent of the accused include the intelligence of defendant, the length of detention, the repetitiveness of questioning, and the use of physical punishment and age of the accused (Sama ha, 2012). According to the 5th amendment, citizens can not be charged with an â€Å"infamous† crime unless indicted by a grand jury. The Due process Claus of the Fifth Amendment of the US constitution prohibits the courts from courts from depriving the accused persons the right to liberty or property depending on the seriousness of the crime. The court procedural laws should ensure fairness and guarantee the accused the right to be heard. The 5th Amendment prote

Stress: Causes, Definitions and Impacts

Stress: Causes, Definitions and Impacts Rosalina Das Definition â€Å"Stress is the trash of modern life-we all generate it but if you dont dispose of it properly, it will pile up and overtake your life.†Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Danzae Pace â€Å"a reaction of a particular individual to a stimulus event†. (Skinner, 1985) â€Å"stress may be viewed as the body’s response to any real or imagined event perceived as requiring some adaptive response and/or producing strain† (Elliot, 1988) â€Å"stress can be considered as any factor, acting internally or externally that makes it difficult to adapt and that induces increased effort on the part of the person to maintain a state of equilibrium both internally and with the external environment†. (Humphrey, 1992) â€Å"stress is caused by a multitude of demands (stressors), such as an inadequate fit between what we need and what we are capable of, and what our environment offers and what it demands of us†. (Levi, 1996) a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well being. (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) As can be inferred from the definitions above, there are three main ways to define stress. Firstly, we can define stress as a factor of stimuli a person is subjected to. The greater the pressure, the more will be the stress perceived. This takes into account the cumulative nature of stress. Secondly, stress can be defined as the response to aversive stimuli. This train of thought was publicised by Selye who also called the physiological changes that the body undergoes as a response to stimuli as the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). Stress is a usual human reaction to pressure when confronted with challenging situations. This pressure is not only about what is happening in our surrounding, but also about the demands that we place on ourselves. Stress is essentially a reply to a stimulus that interrupts our physical or mental equilibrium. A stressful event can trigger the â€Å"fight-or-flight† response which results in a sudden flow of hormones namely adrenaline and cortisol through the body. Stress is the â€Å"wear and tear† our bodies go through as we adjust to our continually changing environment. It has both physical and emotional results on us and can craft positive or negative feelings. Stress is not a medical condition, but severe stress that continues for a longer period of time may lead to a diagnosis of depression or anxiety, or other severe mental health problems. Causes of Stress Stress triggering events are different for different individuals. According to surveys, stress related to work contributes the highest percentage. In the united states, 40% workers admit to have stress caused due to their work and 25% blame work as the biggest cause of stress in their lives. In general, change in an existing situation of a human being causes stress. This is caused due to lack of control over the existing situation. The changes might be good or bad changes, but they might cause stress to a person. The few common causes of stress are: Job interview Examination New relationship/ Breaking up of old relationship Marriage Serious illness in oneself or a friend or family member Moving to a new place Death of friends or family/ Birth of a child Unemployment Insufficient resources to manage the family Caring for a disabled friend or family and many similar situations. This stress is causes as one has to re-adjust their life in accordance with the new phenomenon. The below diagram depicts the three major reasons of stress in college going students. Stress isn’t always caused by outside factors, sometimes it comes from inside. People can stress themselves by worrying about things. The internal factors causing stress are: Fear and uncertainty about events that are outside someone’s control. Worrying about such events can only cause stress, but not any improvement of the situation. Attitudes and perceptions of the world. A person’s point of view of events and situations can make a huge difference. The same situation may be perceived differently by different people and thus generate different level of stress. Unrealistic expectations. When expectations don’t match reality, it causes stress. The below graph shows the causes of stress in American citizens according to a survey. Types of stress All animals, including human beings have a natural stress response and it is very helpful. But severe stress can cause both physical and mental harm. There are various kinds of stress depending on its causes and effect. A little amount of stress, called â€Å"acute stress† is the most common form of stress. It could be tolerable, in fact it might be constructive in the sense that it keeps a person active and alert. It is usually for a short term of time. Also stress in long-term termed as â€Å"chronic stress,† can have major effect on both physical and mental health of a person. It often develops when a person loses hope of getting out of a bad situation and they stop giving effort to get out of it. â€Å"Episodic Stress† is the kind of stress that originates from a continuous exposure to mismanagement and crisis in life. This is usually found in type ‘A’ personalities as the are always in a hurry, but always late. Episodic stress is caused by constant worrying, pessimism, anxiousness and depression. â€Å"Traumatic stress† is the kind of stress caused by events threating one’s life. For example being in a major accident, involved in war, physically or mentally assaulted or having faced a natural disaster can causepost-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD). Symptoms of stress The signs of stress can show in various forms. Listed below are various signs of stress. Physical Signs of Stress Increased heartbeat Sweating/ freezing hands Headache Shallow or erratic breath Causing nausea, stomach upset Fatigue Disturbance in sleep Weight gain/loss Increased/decreased appetite, increased alcohol consumption Cognitive Signs of Stress Forgetfulness Being unmindful, Difficulty in concentrating Difficulty in understanding Negative self-assessment and negative self perception Emotional Signs of Stress Getting angry, irritated easily Anxiety, feelings of panic Fear Crying Increased conflicts in personal life Getting frustrated easily Impact of stress Stress is a major concern of the modern world. The below statistics depicts how it has impacted the human race. 43% percent of adults suffer from stress related health problems Stress related ailments contribute to 75%-90% of all doctor visits. Stress is declared as a hazard of the workplace by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) declared. More than $300 billion is spent annually to cope up with stress in the American industry. Untreated, chronic stress reactions can cause a lifetime prevalence of emotional disorder in more than 50% of people. In long term, stress can cause serious impact on our body. Skin.Stress causes various skin problems likeacneandpsoriasis. Muscles.Stress can cause neck,shoulder and lowback pain. It also worsensrheumatoid arthritis. Stomach.Stress causes and aggravates stomach problems like irritable bowel syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) ans peptic ulcerdisease. Heart.Stress causes coronary artery disease,heart attack, heart failure,high blood pressure, arrhythmia or erratic heartbeat,blood clotting and atherosclerosis or hardening of thearteries. Lungs.Patients having asthmaand chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are severely affected by stress. Reproductive system.Stress is found to have a impact in causing lowfertility, sexual problems in men, complexion duringpregnancy and painful menstrual periods etc. Immune system.Constant stress adversely affects the human immune system. This impacts even more for persons having chronic illness like AIDS. Stress can worsen the situation of such patients. Panic Attack. Apanic attackis a sudden, intense fear or anxiety that may make a person feel short of breath, dizzy or makes the heart pound very fast. Stress can cause panic attacks. Stress Management Stress managementrefers to the verity of medical andpsychotherapiestechniques which helps in controlling a patient’s stress levels. The treatment may be there for chronic stress or episodic Stress or traumatic stress. Managing stress is all about taking charge. If one controls one’s thoughts, emotions, schedule, and the way one deals with problems, then they can overpower stress. Step #1: Identifying the source of stress The first step to manage stress is to identify the sources of stress in one’s life. The sources are not always evident and most of the times it is hard to find the real source. This might because we are well acquainted with our way of life and it’s hard to point out what is wrong with it. It is important to find the root cause of stress because that is the key to treat it. Step #2: Change the situation We should try to avoid the situation that is causing stress. If the situation is unavoidable, then we must try to alter it. Figuring out the key points to bring about a change in the current situation helps in dealing with stress. This might involve changing few things like communication, relationship or any other way of life. But this change has to be ensured so that it can lead to a less stressful situation. Step #3: Adapt to the change It is hard to adapt to any change. But we must ensure that changing the life style doesn’t result in more stress. Also it is advisable to cope up with the changes made as soon as possible. We can adopt to stressful conditions and also regain our sense of control by modifying our attitude and perception. Step #4: Avoid further unnecessary stress Stress can’t be always avoided. But we should make a conscious effort to keep it at bay. Isolating situations which causes unnecessary stress can help. Situations which might cause this kind of unnecessary stress could be eliminated in advance. We should just make sure that the peace of mind should be preserved at all cost. Step #5: Time Management Stress can be avoided by proper usage of time. Dividing up your work into small segments of doable chunks and dedicating proper amount of time to all activities in a day can reduce the stress in work environment. One should dedicate some buffer time for unexpected activities so that in case of any emergency, the time table is not shattered. Step# 6 Meditation and breathing exercises When stress takes over, the sympathetic ANS pumps adrenaline and other hormones into the body to prepare it for action. Usually, the parasympathetic ANS eventually takes over and calms the body down. You can help the parasympathetic ANS take over by practicing meditation and breathing exercises. Combine meditation and breathing into one exercise by doing the following: Sit down comfortably and close your eyes. Begin taking slow, measured breaths. Take note of where in your body the breaths originate. After a while, let your body breathe entirely on its own while still focusing on the breath. Notice which parts of the body your breathing moves: From your hands and feet to the top of your head. If you begin to think about anything other than breathing, set your concentration back on those breaths and how they affect your body Simple things can lead to relieve stress. For example talking to a trusted person (friends or family), calling up someone and have a friendly chat, talking to experts via phone helpline or internet, exercising, taking deep breaths, eating a healthy diet, taking a vacation, time management etc. Conclusion As can be inferred from the definitions above, there are three main ways to define stress. Firstly, we can define stress as a factor of stimuli a person is subjected to. The greater the pressure, the more will be the stress perceived. This takes into account the cumulative nature of stress. Secondly, stress can be defined as the response to aversive stimuli. This train of thought was publicised by Selye who also called the physiological changes that the body undergoes as a response to stimuli as the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). Stress is a usual human reaction to pressure when confronted with challenging situations. This pressure is not only about what is happening in our surrounding, but also about the demands that we place on ourselves. Job traits and Hackman Oldham model Motivation and job satisfaction is important. Factors like job satisfaction, job expansion, job turnover, job enrichment, etc. should be ensured to ensure the minimal level of stress occurring at workplaces. Hackman Oldham job traits model present in their paper have selected to study the impacts of job traits on job stress. In their study on a telecommunication company, Richard Hackman and Edward Lowler (1971) concluded that employees’ job satisfaction is higher and their performance and attendance in workplace is better when they feel traits like skill diversity, task nature, independence and engaging with other further in their job. This study paved the ground for Hackman and Oldham job traits model in 1975. Through a research, they found that employees’ job satisfaction and performance increase and their turnover and absenteeism decrease when they enjoy high levels of job traits such as skill diversity, job nature, task importan ce, independence and job feedback. Hackman and Oldham job traits model consists of three parts: (1) job major aspects including skill diversity, job nature, task importance, independence and job feedback; (2) mental conditions including the feeling of having an important job, accountability, being informed of job results; and (3) working and individual ramifications including promoting inner motivation on job qualitative performance improvement, job satisfaction promotion and mitigating job relinquish. Stress is part of life and sometimes unavoidable. Sometimes a little amount of stress is helpful too. It is only when stress lasts for a longer period of time and exceeds one’s capability of handling it, stress becomes harmful. Stress impacts one’s physical and mental health, relationship, family, work environment and one’s whole life. But stress can be handled. Instead of stress manipulating one’s life, one can learn to manipulate the stress by oneself. By enhancing one’s vision, raising the available resources regarding stress, one can cope up with stress. It is important to know one’s strength and limits regarding handling stress. It is always advisable to take external help if needed to cope with the anxiety and stress in one’s life. Useful contacts Emotional / Relationships Problems 1. Aasra, Mumbai Direct crisis intervention and counselling services for people who are depressed or feeling suicidal. Phone:+91 22 2754 6669 Timings:All Days :24 Hours Email:[emailprotected] Website:www.aasra.info Depression, anxiety, obsession and mental health Rethink Mental Illness Support and advice for people living with mental illness. Phone: 0300 5000 927 (Mon-Fri, 10am-2pm) Website:www.rethink.org Depression Alliance Charity for sufferers of depression. Has a network of self-help groups. Website:www.depressionalliance.org CALM CALM is the Campaign Against Living Miserably, for men aged 15-35. Website:www.thecalmzone.net Contact the Stress Counselling helpline Talk in confidence, 24 hours a day. Call:0800 092 3189 Useful books The Relaxation Stress Reduction Workbookby Martha Davis, Elizabeth Robbins Eshelman, Matthew McKay Publishers New Harbinger Publications: ISBN 1572242140 The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook By Edmund J. Bourne The Feeling Good Handbook By David D. Burns,David D. Burns (Preface by) References http://www.rose-hulman.edu/StudentAffairs/ra/files/CLSK/PDF/Section%20Two%20Instructor%20Resources/Sources%20of%20Stress%20Among%20College%20Students.pdf http://www.globalresearch.com.my/journal/management_v03n01/0007_Article_167_Final_JoGM_Jan2012_V3N1_PG093_105.pdf http://www.qub.ac.uk/directorates/sgc/learning/FileStore/Filetoupload,217650,en.pdf http://www.mind.org.uk/media/977061/how-to-manage-stress-2012-2-.pdf http://www.purdue.edu/swo/generalwellness/KnowItAll/stress/DifferentKindsofStress.pdf http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2011/impact.pdf http://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/causes-of-stress http://m.medlineplus.gov/topic/stress.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stress.html http://www.angeloflifehealthandnutrition.com/energy-and-stress-relaxation.html http://www.apho.org.uk/resource/view.aspx?RID=44871 http://www.webmd.com/balance/stress-management/effects-of-stress-on-your-body http://www.webmd.com/balance/stress-management/stress-management-effects-of-stress Every Child Matters Policy: Outcomes, Aims and Application Every Child Matters Policy: Outcomes, Aims and Application Are the objectives of the Every Child Matters policy set by the government being met in actual use and practice? Contents (Jump to) Abstract Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 – Method Chapter 3 – Results 3.1 Every Child Matters Green Paper 3.2 Childrens Act 2004 3.3 Children’s Trusts   3.4 Every Child Matters: Change for Children   Chapter 4 Discussion Chapter 5 – Conclusion   Tables – Diagrams Bibliography   Abstract In September of 2003 the policy initiative â€Å"Every Child Matters† was presented to Parliament, sparked by the death in 2000 of eight-year-old Victoria Climbie, who was a victim of child abuse, and murder by her aunt Marie-Therese Kouao, and bus driver Carl Manning (BBC New, 2005). The striking as well as earth shaking factor in this tragic instance is the very strong possibility exists that Victoria’s suffering, and death could very well have been prevented. While it is impossible to predict what might have happened, the official inquiry into this case as headed by Lord Laming, investigated every facet, including the child protection system (BBC News, 2003). The preceding uncovered that there were at least twelve incidences whereby the system failed Victoria Climbie in terms of her welfare. Most noteworthy, in terms of the system becoming alerted to the potential of child abuse and or problems, were the child’s two visits for injuries to the hospital, the sec ond, which entailed a two-week stay (BBC News, 2003). The horrific summary just provided does not do justice to the details contained within this case that outraged the public as well as authorities. The Laming Report uncovered that information sharing between agencies failed to take the necessary and required steps to intercede (The Victoria Climbie Inquiry, 2003). The Inquiry resulted in the recommendation of a structure that would eliminate the potential for ambiguity in the decision making process for children and families (The Victoria Climbie Inquiry, 2003). This examination of child care policies shall analyze if the resulting Every Child Matters policies are meeting the purpose for which they were developed and devised. Chapter 1 – Introduction The death of Victoria Climbie resulted in an Inquiry conducted by Lord Laming to investigate the childcare system and make recommendations based upon the findings. In keeping with the aforementioned, the Inquiry Report recommended the following changes as well as inputs to the system (The Victoria Climbie Inquiry, 2003): Elimination of what the Inquiry termed as â€Å"buck passing†, through guidance procedures, Implementation of a coherent set of practices, policies, protocols and strategies for service delivery, Placement of the preceding into statues that define a clear process for monitoring as well as decision making of performance and follow up, Reduction of what the Inquiry called the ‘gap’ between the intention of the agencies, and the achievement as demonstrated by actual performance, eliminating the unpredictable facets of service delivery though the improvement of efficiency as well as effectiveness, Addressing the preventive aspects with families and increasing the support invention process that has deteriorated through proper funding and staffing, Understanding that the protection as well as support of children calls for a broader scope than just the statutory agencies. The process needs to include close association with community-based groups to broaden the scope of involvement, information, alerts and resources. A change in the manner that the agencies approach, see and work, as represented by the utilisation of their resources. The preceding calls for all agencies to carry out their part of the process, with a clear delineation to staffing of their primary responsibilities to children and families. The recommendations in these areas consisted of the following: Services must be child as well as family oriented, Be responsive to needs and opportunities, Services must have adequate resources, Be capable to delivering measurable national outcomes with regard to children, Be clear in terms of accountability throughout the agencies and organisation, Be transparent in its work processes and open to detailed scrutiny, Services, procedures, guidelines, protocols and policies must be clear as well as straightforward in terms of being understood, Services need to be placed on a statutory foundation, given the powers to ensure delivery of the outcomes desired. To achieve the aforementioned ends, the Inquiry set forth structure changes that recommended major changes within the structures that deliver services to children and families (The Victoria Climbie Inquiry, 2003). It also identified that a key weakness in the system were the circumstances under which case reviews were conducted, adding that the that structure needs to be replaced by one that is more comprehensive as well as active (The Victoria Climbie Inquiry, 2003). Another critical aspect in the problems uncovered by the Inquiry was the referral and response levels of the agencies. The Inquiry made specific reference to sections 17 and 47 of the Children Act 1989 whereby (The Victoria Climbie Inquiry, 2003): Section 17 The segment of the Children Act 1989 places the responsibility as well as duty on the local authority for the safeguarding and promotion of welfare for children that are in need in their area. Section 47 The section of the Children Act 1989 calls for the local authority to make inquiries in instances where it is believed and or thought necessary whereby a child is suspected of being exposed to harm. The problem with the preceding, especially Section 47, is that the Inquiry found that considerable confusion existed as to what inquiries should be made, with permission from the child’s carer required before other invention measures could be introduced if the preceding was refused (The Victoria Climbie Inquiry, 2003). Under Section 17, the social services could respond only when exceptional circumstances dictated, after permission as outline above had been obtained (The Victoria Climbie Inquiry, 2003). Furthermore, it was found that once the Section 17 designation assigned a label to a case, it was downgraded in terms of status and frequently poor follow up ensued (The Victoria Climbie Inquiry, 2003). The aforementioned aspects were brought forth in order to have a basis for understanding the reasons and dynamics of the recommendations of the Victoria Climbie Inquiry (2003), the resulting policies, and performance since enactment. This examination shall investigate how the objectives of the Every Child Matters policy is being met through the use of council and agency support. This document is structured to present the methodology utilised, followed by the results of the research process, which is then discussed to determine the significance of the findings, and the implications. A conclusion has been utilised to summarise the examination, drawing upon the information and research uncovered to formulate what the preceding uncovered. Chapter 2 – Methods The methodology utilised in this examination entails a combination of evidence based research techniques and quantitative research. The term research in this examination represents a systematic inquiry â€Å"characterized by sets of principles, guidelines for procedures and which is subject to evaluation in terms of criteria such as validity, reliability and representativeness† (Hitchcock and Hughes, 1995, p. 5). In the context of this paper, social research represents â€Å"the collection and analysis of information on the social world, in order to understand and explain that world better† (Hitchcock and Hughes, 1995, p. 5). Key to the preceding process is the collection of evidence to support the research process, which requires much fuller information to fulfill its directive (Evans, 2006). The foregoing calls for a strong design in the research process to generate the evidence base (Potter, 2007). The foregoing was accomplished by reviewing the legislation as well a s historical development of the Every Child Matters initiative, starting with the reasons that prompted its development. Quantitative research represented conducting the gathering of information systematically, looking for relationships in the examination in the context of the study. Newman and Benz (1998, p. 2) tell us that â€Å"Most quantitative research approaches, regardless of their theoretical differences, tend to emphasize that there is a common reality on which people can agree.† With that underpinning, this examination strived to look for a clear delineation of facts that would closely approximate the preceding statement. To this end, surveys and studies were used as a basis for correlating facts, combined with the key purposes behind varied legislation. This look into the programmes that have led up to and are part of the â€Å"Every Child Matters† initiative shall utilise evidence based practice to uncover the facts, assess what has been gathered, and critically appraise the process and strategies in their present state. Chapter 3 – Results 3.1 Every Child Matters Green Paper The †Every Child Matters† Green Paper (literacytrust.org.uk , 2003), contains four main proposal areas that were devised in response to the recommendations as made under Lord Laming’s Inquiry Report concerning the death of Victoria Climbie. These four key areas are (literacytrust.org.uk, 2003): support of parents and carers, early intervention, along with effective protection, accountability and integration, reform of the workforce To aid in achieving the preceding, the Green Paper recommended a ‘Parenting Fund’ of  £25 million to be added for a three-year period to underwrite the changes (literacytrust.org.uk, 2003). The critical aspect as identified under the Victoria Climbie Inquiry (2003) was early intervention, which the Green Paper advised represented improving the information sharing between agencies and authorities, the utilisation of a singular and unique identification number so that all information would fall under the same file, and the development of a common data network that is coordinated among all authorities and agencies to ensure that all information resides in one file database (literacytrust.org.uk, 2003). Governmental changes as identified under the Green Paper called for the creation of a Director of Children’s Services to deliver education to local authorities and children’s social services as well as the position of the Minister for Children, Young People an d Families in the Department of Education and Skills that would have the responsibility for coordination of policies across all agencies and authorities (literacytrust.org.uk, 2003). 3.2 Children Act 2004 The Children Act 2004 put into place the legislative foundation to enable the policy changes as put forth under the Every Child Matters Green Paper (literacytrust.org.uk, 2004). The objective was the maximisation of opportunities, along with minimising risk for children and young people via the leadership of the Director of Children’s Services within the local authorities (Brachnell Forest Borough Council, 2007). The Children Act 2004 advises that the total number of children in the program has remained fairly consistent over the past ten years, with only minor upward and downward fluctuations (Department for Education and Skills, 2004). The Children Act 2004 was enacted on 15 November 2004 and established (Department for Education and Skills, 2004): A Children’s Commissioner whose responsibility is to champion the interests and views regarding children as well as young people. Makes it the duty of Local Authorities to co-operate with other Local Authorities as well as agencies and bodies to improve the well being of children through information sharing and other forms of cooperation. Made it the duty of Local Authorities to implement local Safeguarding Children Boards that include key partners to participate. The provision for databases that contain information that enables better sharing capabilities between all authorities, agencies and other bodies. The development of an integrated inspection framework, along with Joint Area reviews to provide an assessment on progress The important facets of the preceding changes and modifications to the Children Act 1989 is that it set forth the following (Department for Education and Skills, 2004): Duty to Cooperate The Children Act 2004 under section 10 sets forth the duty for local authorities and agencies to cooperate with the guidance under the Act, thus representing the authority as well as framework for children’s trusts. Guidance on the Children and Young People’s Plan Under section 17, it contains the key facet regarding the implementation of children’s trusts via a strategic plan for local authorities and allied services, partners and agencies. Guidance with respect to the roles as well as responsibilities of the Director of Children’s Services with regard to the Lead Member of Children’s Services. Guidance on Working Together with the objective to Safeguard Children. Guidance under section 11, on the Duty to Safeguard and Promote the Welfare of Children The preceding aspects were actualised under the Children Act 2004 through a national framework for change that specifies areas, working inwards to achieve targeted timetables as shown below: 3.3 Children’s Trusts Children’s Trusts represents the framework whereby all services for children and young people are brought together in an area, supported by the Children Act 2004 (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007a). The central foundation of the Children’s Trusts is that they represent the active core of support for those who work daily with children, young people as well as families, with the objective being the delivery of improved outcomes via more integrated as well as responsive services (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007a). The integrated strategy utilises the following methodology for effective results and working processes (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007a): the use of a joint needs assessment, sharing decisions on priorities, the identification of the resources available, and the devising of a set of joint plans to deploy the preceding. The critical aspect of the foregoing is the joint commissioning that pools resources to deploy the best outcome by directing action to those resources and the people best qualified to complete the services (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007a). In March of 2007 a national evaluation of the Children’s Trust Pathfinders was conducted that took in all 35 units and included a number of evaluative reports conducted on various segments of the program (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007b). The evaluation resulted in a number of recommendations that identified shortcomings and limitations in the delivery of services (national children’s bureau, 2006): The evaluation stated that a clarification is needed regarding exactly what the term participation means as there were different interpretations uncovered in the analysis. The approach procedures concerning participation were determined to be less than effective in terms of being systematic. To move participation beyond listening to active engagement that involves users. The development of support systems to enables the end users, children – young people – families, to fully participate as well as engaging them in a strategic manner. To see that participation utilises a broad range of differing and diverse methodologies to solicit as well as gain the views of children, young people and families. Recognition that the community as well as voluntary sectors have important roles and have users that have difficulty interacting with official bodies. Take the time, along with the commitment to construct as well as improve the infrastructure needed for effective participation by end users. The study of user participation that entailed case studies in eight children’s trusts, along with three additional sites involved 107 professionals from management as well as differing levels in education, health, social care as well as local authorities (national children’s bureau, 2006). The perception of professionals was positive in terms of the increased engagement with users, children, young people and families, commenting that it helped to raise their self esteem as a result of being part of the process (national children’s bureau, 2006). User perceptions among those surveyed indicated a lack of participation, and or limited experience, also commenting that there was a lack of information regarding this aspect (national children’s bureau, 2006). The users cited that they would be interested in participatory engagement, as long as it was meaningful, as opposed to being tokenistic, and if such participation actually resulted in change (national childr en’s bureau, 2006). In addition to the preceding, the surveyed users indicated that feedback in terms of important issues as to where they were, and the actions being taken, and or the outcomes would be useful in transparency (national children’s bureau, 2006). The survey participants also indicated that they felt more involvement would improve relationships. Those surveyed added that they felt that listening was not a culture trait in the country, thus participation was not, in their opinion, a positive process unless they could see results based upon a broad feedback from issues they participated in, as well as those of other users (national children’s bureau, 2006). The users surveyed also added that they felt that participation was not really representative, voicing the opinion that the same people were asked about their views and opinions repeatedly, as opposed to the process seeking out more individuals to participate (national children’s bureau, 2006). The methodology, in terms of gathering opinions was also questioned, in that the field of reach could be widened through the utilisation of questionnaires as well as discussion groups (national children’s bureau, 2006). It was suggested that such measures should be advertised broadly, and utilise a wide variety of measures in order to make the process participato ry as opposed to being selection based (national children’s bureau, 2006). The manner in which the overall process operates, is designed and performs was also raised. Users, community and volunteer groups indicated that this represented a key area as the process is supposed to represent one of inclusion, thus, their inputs in these areas should be consulted (national children’s bureau, 2006). One specific example was the drafting of questionnaires. Users felt that they should be included in the process to design the questions that would appear on questionnaires as well as assist in the discussion panel formulations to make the process truly participatory (national children’s bureau, 2006). The preceding represent limitations that users felt did not involve them in the overall process that was designed to aid and benefit them. The foregoing factors represent clear indications that users want to as well as should be a more active part of the process. Their views indicated that they desired to be included in the developmental phases as opposed to being interview subjects, and felt that they should have a deeper, and more meaning participation level as members of the public, especially as members of the public for whom the services are targeted. Strategic involvement represents an important issue in that it engages users and provides inputs that the overall process can utilise in modifying and improving service delivery as well as the notification process on the part of the public as to potential abuse issues. The foregoing view is brought forth by Petr (2004, p. 79) who points to the importance of the inclusion of parents and users in the process as a means to heighten participation. The foregoing approach is also espoused by Northridge et al (2005), who state research partnerships should be an inclusive pro cess that involves participants and community agencies in the process. Boyden and Ennew (1997) also advocate the importance of users in the participation process in terms of taking part and being involved, as well as the benefits of gaining insights from their inputs. The study concluded that users want greater participation in the process, and that a variety of methods and approaches need to be utilised to obtain the views, ideas, input and concerns (national children’s bureau, 2006). It also recommended that a broad variety of methods should be utilised and exploited in order to obtain the views of users as well as their recommendations and suggestions, providing more transparency in the processing and outcome of the aforementioned to make the system more effective and user, community based (national children’s bureau, 2006). 3.4 Every Child Matters: Change for Children â€Å"Every Child Matters: Change for Children† (HM Government, 2004) represented the national framework to improve outcomes for children as well as young people (Brachnell Forest Borough Council, 2007). The policy indicates that it is committed to seeing that five key outcomes are achieved that are important to a child’s well being, these represent â€Å"†¦ being healthy; staying safe; enjoying and achieving; making a positive contribution, and achieving economic well being †¦ (HM Government, 2004). The initiative sets forth key objectives and targets with regard to the underpinning of the entire framework of children’s services. The foregoing are represented by the following (HM Government, 2004). : The improvement as well as the integration of all services, covering a child’s early years, in the schooling environment, along with health services. To provide more specialised help to prevent problems, promote opportunities, and most importantly to act early as well as effectively in the event that problems arise. To reconfigure services so that they revolve around the child and family under children’s centres, extended schools, and through professionals engaged in multi disciplinary teams. To develop and have engaging as well as dedicated leadership throughout all levels of the system. The development of an atmosphere of shared responsibility throughout the system and across system lines that focuses upon the safeguarding of children, as well as protection from harm. To heighten the listen atmosphere, centring on children, young people and families in the assessment processes, along with planning facets, and especially in face-to-face encounters. The preceding bear strong similarity to the recommendations and findings as set forth under the study conduced by the National Children’s Bureau (2006), which pointed out that these lofty objectives have not fully been met. The five outcomes as represented by â€Å"†¦ being healthy; staying safe; enjoying and achieving; making a positive contribution, and achieving economic well being †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (HM Government, 2004), upon deeper examination entail the following: Be Healthy physical health emotional and mental health sexual health lifestyles that are healthy the election not to partake of illegal drugs and that carers as well as families actively promote healthy choices Stay Safe safety from maltreatment, violence, neglect and exploitation sexually safety from accidental injury as well as death safety from bullying and discrimination safety from criminal activities, crime and anti social behaviour that security and stability are seen to Enjoy and achieve that children and young people are ready for school that children and young people attend school that they achieve social as well as personal development and have recreational activities they enjoy Make a positive contribution that children, young people and families are engaged in decision making as well as support their communities that children, and young people engage in behaviour that I law abiding, both in an out of school that they develop self-confidence that they develop behaviour that is enterprising Achieve economic well-being that young people engage in higher education, training and or employment that young people are prepared and ready to be employed that children and young people live in homes that are decent in sustainable communities that they have access to transport and that they live in households free of low income All of the preceding have been set as objectives to foster the development of children and young people through adulthood as well as address the tragic situation as brought forth by the Victoria Climbe situation. In order to attain the foregoing, local children’s services under the Children Act 2004 are held accountable for the deliverance of improved outcomes via inspection (HM Government, 2004). The preceding is to be accomplished by (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007c): Robust and active inter-agency accountability and governance The â€Å"local authority director of children’s services† establishment of cooperative arrangements with like service units and local authorities (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007c). The partners in this arrangement include entities from the â€Å"public, private, voluntary and community† sectors (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007c). Area child protection committees are replaced by local safeguarding children boards Under the foregoing â€Å"Every Child Matters: Change for Children† (HM Government, 2004), the integrated strategy represents the following elements (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007c): The joint assessment of the local needs that involve users. The utilisation of a singular plan that is shared between all children’s service units. The pooling of budgets. The use of joint area reviews for the inspection of children’s services on the local level. Integrated frontline service delivery to improve user outcomes at the strategic level. In terms of integrated processes, â€Å"Every Child Matters: Change for Children† (HM Government, 2004) calls for (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007d): The use of â€Å"new common initial assessment† frameworks to â€Å"reduce duplication and improve referrals† (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007d). Improved information sharing. The re-engineering of â€Å"local processes and procedures †¦ to support integration around the needs of children. The integrated frontline delivery represents the manner via which the foregoing is accomplished within the overall framework (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007e): â€Å"Integrated, accessible and personalised services â€Å" represent the manner via which the preceding will be approached, building the processes â€Å"around the needs of children and young people† as opposed to service, and or professional boundaries (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007e). The shift of focus to prevention as well as safeguarding. Services to be co-located in locations such as children’s centres as well as extended schools. The reform of workforces to result in staffs that are well trained, with the credo that children are the focal point, understanding that their needs are uppermost. The â€Å"development of multi-disciplinary teams† along with professionals. The strategy representing the improvement of outcomes is founded upon â€Å"changing the behaviour of those working with the users via more integrated as well as responsive service delivery (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007e). The foregoing calls for the use of specialist support that is embedded throughout the system, and which can be accessed by all service units (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007e). The key to the process is in workforce reform in terms of attitudes, trained staff, the internal development of common skill sets and knowledge base, utilising the element of trust as well as information sharing (everychildmatters.gov.uk, 2007e). Chapter 4 – Discussion In equating the results achieved under the programmes established for Every Child Matters the Department for Children, Schools and Families published a report equating evidence in support of the plan (2007). The Report assessed the achievements as well as shortcomings and limitations of progress thus far as achieved: Table 1 – Results Findings – Every Child Matter Be Healthy (Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2007) Table 2 – Results Findings – Every Child Matter/Stay Safe (Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2007) Stay Safe < UK Iron and Steel Industry: Market Trends UK Iron and Steel Industry: Market Trends Basic Iron and steel in UK – Analysis Headlines UK’s basic iron and steel market contracted by 6.8% to  £10.6 billion in 2013 as prices of steel declined due to the overcapacity in steel production Industry of structural metal products increased its purchase of steel due to the growing private housing sector in UK in 2013 Motor vehicles, trailer and semi-trailers decreased their share of purchases in the industry by 12% as it is substituted with aluminium in pursue of lower CO2 emissions In 2013 EU Commission creates Communication Action Plan for a development of competitive and sustainable steel industry in Europe Basic iron and steel industry is expected to continue falling by 2% in 2014 due to oversupply in UK steel production and iron ore mining globally MArket Trends Basic iron and steel market in the UK declined by 6.8% to  £10.7 billion in 2013. Although the main buyer in the industry – structural metal products increased its share of purchases over the year, the industry still felt the pressure from overcapacity and declining prices of steel in Europe. Structural metal products producers were the key buyer in the basic iron and steel industry accounting for 18% of the B2B purchases which stood at  £1.9 billion in 2013. The share increased usage in construction sector which was boosted by the rapidly growing private housing segment and overall construction output in the UK. Private Housebuilding was driven by the government’s deposit guarantee programme Help to Buy designed for purchases of new homes in the UK. Motor vehicles, trailer and semi-trailers accounted for 12% of the purchases in the industry. Despite a 1.3% increase in number of vehicles manufactured, acquisitions of basic iron and steel declined by 12%. Demand of steel from automotive industry is declining due to increasing use of aluminium. Vehicle manufacturers are reducing vehicle weight in order to cut CO2 emissions in order to comply with new EU standards. Basic iron, steel and ferroalloys accounted for 46% of the market size in the industry in 2013. After experiencing a 2% decrease its market value stood at  £4.9 billion. The decline was determined by the decreasing prices of steel products. HRC Europe steel prices declined by 6.4% in 2013 due to oversupply of steel in the global market. As well as global steel market, the European market has been confronting a growing overcapacity of steel production and declining demand over the recent years. To address the issues of struggling EU market of iron and steel industry, an EU-wide plan named Commission Communication Action Plan for a sustainable and competitive steel industry in Europe was created on June, 2013. Currently, the plan is offering to reduce or remove electricity feed-in tariffs related to renewable electricity on energy-intensive industries to make them more competitive internationally. In 2013 import penetration fell by 9% and accounted for 65% of the market size reaching value of  £5.8 billion. The imports decreased due to the overcapacity in the global steel production and restart of Teesside steel plant which increased the output of steel in the country in 2013. Currently active antidumping duties on Chinese wire rods are about to expire. In April, 2014 European steel association Eurofer inquired for an over 20% anti-dumping charge for Chinese wire rod in order to protect EU producers. The new query will prolong the duty by approximately 15 months until the answer is given. production Trends Overcapacity has been pressuring UK’s as well as the global iron and steel market. Production capacity of steel increased by 118 million tonnes over the last two years and is expected to total in 2,2 billion tonnes in 2014. However, UK’s production decreased only by marginal 1% over 2013. Though different segments managed to grow as e.g. production of basic iron, steel and ferroalloys recorded a 2% increase and accounted for 62% of total industry’s production. While the industry has marginally declined some companies managed to increase their production. E.g. Teesside Steel Co owned by Thailand SSI renewed its production in the UK in 2013. In addition, during the same year Teesside Steel Co recorded its production record in Red car plant after expanding its production capacity. The steel output in the industry was also supported by improvements of the Tata Steel’s Port Talbot plant. Its blast furnace was rebuilt increasing steel production over the same year. Recycling of metal waste and scrap industry accounts for 16% of basic ferrous and non-ferrous industry costs in UK. Approximately 13 million tons of scrap metal are being processed by steel industry annually. Recycling is important to UK producers as it allows to keep emissions, energy consumption and total costs at bay in comparison to steel production from ore. Mining of metal ores made 12% of total costs in UK during 2013. Despite an increase in production of basic iron and steel at constant price of 1.2% , costs related to mining of metal ores declined by 1%. Decrease in metal ore costs was driven by decline in price of iron ore in second half of the year as global production of iron ore grew by 5% accounting for approximately 2 billion tonnes in 2013. Exports of basic iron and steel accounted for 65% of total production and recorded a 0.7% growth in 2013. Exports were driven by the growing demand from emerging economies such as Turkey which accounted for 11% of the UK’s exports. Growing Turkish construction and transportation expenditures positively affected the demand for UK’s production. Steel, basic iron and ferroalloys experienced a 2% increase in the share of industry’s exports. 2013 profits almost doubled which left them standing at  £783 million. The industry benefited from a 7% decrease in its costs which had positively reflected on the profits. Competitive Landscape The top 5 companies in the basic iron and steel industry accounted for 20% of total production in the UK in 2013. The leader with 14% was Tata Steel UK Ltd. The company was followed by other industry’s players accounting for a less significant share of production: Caparo Steel Products Ltd (2%), Hill Smith Holdings Plc (2%), and Thamesteel Ltd (1%). Tata Steel UK Ltd a subsidiary of the Tata Steel Europe is a UK-based company that specializes in production of basic iron and steel. It has 3 plants located in the UK with 18,000 employees. In October, 2013 the company announced it will build Vacuum Induction Melting (VIM) furnace at its Stocksbridge site in South Yorkshire, UK. It has also increased its steel output from Tata Steel’s Port Talbot plant due to the reconstuction of its blast furnace. The development had a significant impact on growing steel production in the UK in 2013. By 2016 the company is planning on investing  £400 million in long products business. However, due to the sluggish demand in the market Tata Steel has been considering selling parts of its operation in the UK due to the underutilization. Caparo Steel Products Ltd of Caparo Group is a company located in the UK that specializes in production of basic iron and steel. The company is based in London, UK, with additional locations in the UK, India, Spain, Poland, North America, Canada, and Dubai. Caparo Steel has 1,000 employees in the UK. In October, 2014 the group announced plans to invest â‚ ¬4 million in its UK and Polish operations. The company has been reviewing its operations in UK and announced plans to consolidate its production in one site considering to close the wire company in Wrexham, UK. However, workers are expected to keep their jobs as company anticipates using the other base for testing technologies and steel distribution. Hill Smith Holdings Plc is a company that produces galvanized iron and steel. It operates under the following segments: Infrastructure Products, Galvanizing Services, Building and Construction Products and employs over 700 workers. The company has also upgraded its plant in Chesterfield, UK. In general, production volumes of steel products increased by 18% in 2013 due to the the expansion into emerging markets. On April, 2013 the group acquired a large plant in Kent, UK operated by Medway Galvanising Co Ltd. In addition, Hill Smith Holdingd acquired trade and specific assets of Arkinstall Galvanizing Ltd. Thamesteel Ltd is a UK-based subsidiary of Al-Tuwairqi Holding. The company specializes in steel manufacturing and operates a 50 acre site in Sheerness, on the Isle of Sheppey, UK and employs 400 workers. The plant went into administration in 2012 it became the property of Al-Tuwairqi Group. However, the new negotiations have been taking place in 2013 to reopen a rolling mill using imported steel billets and then exporting its production again. New mill is expected to employ around 120 workers; however, the plan is still in state of negotiations. Prospects Basic iron and steel industry in UK is expected to further decline by 2% in 2014 and over the period of 2013-2019 the industry is anticipated to record a negative 1% CAGR. Drawing of iron and steel is expected to record an 11% drop in turnover due to the continuing surplus in the industry and slumping demand. Average global iron ore price in 2014 is expected to decline approximately 49% in 2013 translating into further decreasing costs for the industry. It is not expected for global iron ore price to return to US$100 level for near future as world production output is going to further increase at faster pace than demand. By 2018 global iron-ore surplus is expected to reach 300 million tons. UK’s market of steel is expected to remain weak over the forecast period due to the overcapacity of steel production in UK and globally. As a result production of basic iron, steel and ferroalloys is anticipated to experience slowdown in its CAGR. Due to prolonged decline in production of steel in Europe, steel industry is expected to become one of the main focuses by EU Commission over the forecast period. Reduction and restructuration of capacity in the industry will also play a significant role as EU Commission is aiming at reaching the contribution of steel market towards EU GDP to increase from current 15% to 20% by 2020. The industry is expected to be less pressured by the prices of power and gas as the Government has announced its prediction of wholesale prices to remain fairly steady until 2020 when electricity price is expected to reach  £54 per MWh. However, latter prices are expected to challenge the competitiveness of electricity from wind farms and nuclear plants further.