Product Life Cycle Stages Essay Example for Free

Product Life Cycle Stages Essay As consumers, we buy millions of products every year. And just like us, these products have a life cycle. Older, long-established products eventually become less popular, while in contrast, the demand for new, more modern goods usually increases quite rapidly after they are launched. Because most companies understand the different product life cycle stages, and that the products they sell all have a limited lifespan, the majority of them will invest heavily in new product development in order to make sure that their businesses continue to grow. Product Life Cycle Stages Explained The product life cycle has 4 very clearly defined stages, each with its own characteristics that mean different things for business that are trying to manage the life cycle of their particular products. Introduction Stage – This stage of the cycle could be the most expensive for a company launching a new product. The size of the market for the product is small, which means sales are low, although they will be increasing. On the other hand, the cost of things like research and development, consumer testing, and the marketing needed to launch the product can be very high, especially if it’s a competitive sector. Growth Stage – The growth stage is typically characterized by a strong growth in sales and profits, and because the company can start to benefit from economies of scale in production, the profit margins, as well as the overall amount of profit, will increase. This makes it possible for businesses to invest more money in the promotional activity to maximize the potential of this growth stage. Maturity Stage – During the maturity stage, the product is established and the aim for the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share they have built up. This is probably the most competitive time for most products and businesses need to invest wisely in any marketing they undertake. They also need to consider any product modifications or improvements to the production process which might give them a competitive advantage. Decline Stage – Eventually, the market for a product will start to shrink, and this is what’s known as the decline stage. This shrinkage could be due to the market becoming saturated (i.e. all the customers who will buy the product have already purchased it), or because the consumers are switching to a different type of product. While this decline may be inevitable, it may still be possible for companies to  make some profit by switching to less-expensive production methods and cheaper markets. Product Life Cycle Examples It’s possible to provide examples of various products to illustrate the different stages of the product life cycle more clearly. Here is the example of watching recorded television and the various stages of each method: 1. Introduction – 3D TVs 2. Growth – Blueray discs/DVR 3. Maturity – DVD 4. Decline – Video cassette The idea of the product life cycle has been around for some time, and it is an important principle manufacturers need to understand in order to make a profit and stay in business. However, the key to successful manufacturing is not just understanding this life cycle, but also proactively managing products throughout their lifetime, applying the appropriate resources and sales and marketing strategies, depending on what stage products are at in the cycle.

Rises in Rates of Cesarean Section Births

Rises in Rates of Cesarean Section Births In recent history, advancements in medical technology have resulted in an increase in labour and birth interventions. This has in turn, greatly increased caesarean section rates. Birth was once a natural, normal event in a woman’s life, however this has been replaced by a maternity system where intervention is routine and interferes with the normal physiological birth process, putting women and their babies at risk unnecessarily (Romano Lothian, 2008). Normal birth is associated with the best emotional and physical outcomes for women and their babies (New Zealand College of Midwives, 2009). However women have lost confidence in their own ability to give birth without the assistance of technological interventions. Where midwives previously spent their time supporting and comforting labouring women they now spend their time managing technology (Romano Lothian, 2008). This essay will discuss factors which promote or adversely affect the normal physiology of birth and how we can promote the normal physiology of birth within a public maternity hospital setting. Environmental factors which may negatively or positively affect the normal physiology of labour will also be explored. Normal physiological birth follows a natural sequence. Regular painful contractions of the uterus, stimulate and progress the cervix to efface and dilate along with foetal decent. This results in the spontaneous vaginal delivery of the baby and the placenta without complication to either mother or baby (Page McCandlish, 2006). It can be difficult to facilitate normal physiological birth within an environment dominated by a medical approach, where technology and medical expertise are highly valued. The midwife leaders need to show strong leadership to support all midwives. Midwives need to be well educated and competent in the facilitation of normal birth to increase the rate of normal physiological birth (Midwives experience of facilitating normal birth in an obstetric-led unit: a feminist perspective, 2009). Many of the factors that promote normal physiology are environmental in nature. When women are in labour they are extremely sensitive to feeling observed, disrupted or disturbed, this disrupts the natural hormone responses and progress of labour. Women generally find a warm environment preferable so that they feel comfortable to take off their clothing if they wish to do so. When women labour in a calm and quiet environment they feel a change in consciousness to a more primitive brain where birth instincts take over. Privacy and a home like environment also help to facilitate normal birth (Sara Wickham – Midwifery: Best practice, volume 5, 2008). Migrant women have reported that privacy is of particular importance to them (Hennegan, Redshaw Miller, 2014). Women benefit from freedom of movement during labour (Thies-Lagergren, Hildingsson, Christensson Kvist, 2013) and if given the opportunity will instinctively choose a variety of movements to help them cope with labour inclu ding walking, swaying, standing, leaning and the hands and knees position. Allowing freedom of movement benefits the mother in a number of ways including comfort, shortening labour, increased uterine contractions and less need for pharmacologic pain relief. It can also correct poor progress, malposition and sometimes foetal heart rate anomalies (Romano Lothian, 2008). When women push spontaneously without being coached they are less likely to require suturing from trauma and have less pelvic floor dysfunction than women who are coached to push (Romano Lothian, 2008). The AWHONN (2013) recommends women should not push until they feel the urge to push and should do so spontaneously without direction. Women’s experiences of control during labour and birth are overwhelmingly associated with their involvement in the decision making process (Christiaens, 2010). The process of writing a birth plan also increases a woman’s feelings of control as it gives her the opportunity to think about possible scenario’s and plan her responses and choices (Kuo, Hsu, Yang, Chang, Tsao Lin, 2010). Freedom to move around, scream out or make decisions about who enters the birthing space contributes further to the perception of control (Ford, 2009). Women also feel more in control if they have access to information during labour (Tiedje Price, 2008). Health care providers can help to facilitate a woman’s access to information by answering any questions she may have allowing her to make informed choices. When women feel a sense of personal security, derived from feeling respected, trusted and supported by the health care provider who is looking after them, they will experience less fear and an increased feeling of control (Meyer, 2012). Continuous support for women in labour from a female with specialised training is thought to reduce anxiety and stress hormones known to cause vasoconstriction and lower uterine blood flow, which may slow down progress and potentially harm the foetus. Continuous support is said to increase the chance of a spontaneous vaginal birth, lower the use of analgesia, epidural, risk of caesarean and instrumental delivery (Sosa, Crozier Robinson, 2012; Romano Lothian, 2008). These are all important factors in the facilitation and promotion of normal birth and positively affect the woman’s labour and birth environment. There are also many factors that adversely affect the normal physiology of birth, including induction of labour which increases a women’s need for analgesia or epidural and puts her baby at an increased risk of needing neonatal resuscitation. Induction of labour also increases a woman’s risk of caesarean section, instrumental birth, shoulder dystocia, intrapartum fever, low birthweight babies and admission to neonatal intensive care (Tracey et al, 2007). Augmentation of labour can be a tempting option to speed up labour, however amniotomy and oxytocin administration are not without risk. Options such as changing position and talking to women about their emotions, which are low or not risk options, can be as effective and more pleasant for labouring women (Romano Lothian, 2008). Amniotomy can increase the risk of infection, may cause pressure injuries or ruptured placental veins or arteries resulting in significant foetal blood loss. It is also associated with cord prol apse (Cohain, 2013). If amniotomy is carried out early in pregnancy it can set off a cascade of intervention and increase the risk of caesarean section. If labour is still not progressing oxytocin is usually administered and makes contractions stronger and more difficult to cope with as it is exogenous and does not cross the blood-brain barrier, so endorphins are not released to decrease pain perception (Romano Lothian, 2008). Oxytocin administration also puts women at risk of hyperstimulation (Selin, Almstrom, Wallin Berg, 2009). Other interventions such as intravenous cannula and electronic foetal monitoring are also used in this intervention and there is an increase in other interventions such as epidurial which all have added risks. Amniotomy should only be used if progress is truly abnormal while oxytocin augmentation should only be used if labour is truly prolonged with sluggish uterine activity (Romano Lothian, 2008). Epidural analgesia relaxes the pelvic floor muscles mak ing foetal decent and rotation difficult (Al-Metwalli, Mostafa Mousa, 2012). The absence of pain in labour can interfere with the natural oxytocin release. There is also a risk of hypotension so electronic foetal monitoring is used along with an intravenous cannula. Women who use this type of pain relief are less likely to have a vaginal birth and at a higher risk of instrumental delivery, prolonged labour and fever. Their babies are more likely to have infection (Romano Lothian, 2008). All of these interventions carry risks to mother and baby and adversely impact upon the normal physiological birth process. Some of the environmental factors that adversely affect the normal progress of labour include restriction of eating and drinking which began in the1940’s when general anaesthetic was commonly used in obstetrics to reduce the chance of aspiration. General anaesthetic is now rare in obstetrics as is aspiration due to the use of airway protection. Women prefer to have the choice to eat and drink during labour and there is no benefit in restricting them to do so (Singata, Tranmer Gyte, 2013). When women are prevented from eating or drinking they are hydrated with iv fluids, this is also used to access a vein in case of an emergency. Although emergencies do happen there is no evidence to suggest iv access in low risk labouring women improves outcomes. Women with Intravenous lines are not free to move around, may have increased stress levels, may result in fluid overload in both mother and foetus and does not adequately hydrate or provide nutrients. Continuous foetal monitoring has been found to reduce neonatal seizures when babies have been exposed to high doses of oxytocin but has not been linked to positive long term outcomes. It does however increase the risk of caesarean section and instrumental delivery without a clear benefit to the baby and reduces the mother’s ability to mobilise (Alfirevic, Devane Gyte, 2013). These environmental factors have a negative affect on a woman’s normal progress in labour and should be avoided if possible. A midwife-led continuity of care model has been found to benefit women and their babies in a number of ways when compared with medical and shared models of care. Benefits include decreased use of epidural, less episiotomies and instrumental births and less preterm birth or loss of baby prior to 24 weeks gestation. Women also had more chance of having a spontaneous vaginal delivery. As a result a midwife-led continuity of care model gives women the best chance of having a normal physiological birth (Sandall, Soltani, Gates, Shennan Devane, 2013). For a midwife to promote the normal physiological birth process and give effective and appropriate care, she needs to establish a relationship with women antenatally. It is important for the midwife to get to know each woman and her wishes and dreams for her impending birth (New Zealand College of Midwives, 2009). This allows a partnership of trust and respect and helps to alleviate any fears or anxieties and share appropriate and correct information before the birth. When women talk about their fears with the midwife, she will be better informed and able to provide woman centred care (Pairman, Tracy, Thorogood Pincombe, 2010). Midwives need to use evidenced based practice staying within their scope of practice. Whenever a midwife interacts with a woman, she needs to support normal physiological birth and the natural cascade of normal labour. Every interaction she has with a woman affects this cascade either positively or negatively (New Zealand College of Midwives, 2009). When wome n are in labour midwives need to consider the woman’s birth plan while maintaining a private warm room. It is also important to encourage her to find a comfortable position with appropriate comforts such as pillows and beanbags. Encouraging partners to support women by providing drinks, cool washers, and other physical support is an important midwifery role (Pairman, Tracy, Thorogood Pincombe, 2010). Midwives need to be unobtrusive and well prepared with safety equipment. When women are in the second stage of labour midwives need to encourage position changes to help decent where appropriate. Soothing hot compresses can be used on the perineum and vulva while the midwife gives clear and calm reassurance until the baby is born and given to the mother for skin to skin contact. These factors will help midwives to facilitate the normal physiological birth process (Pairman, Tracy, Thorogood Pincombe, 2010). Midwives need to practice cultural safety by reflecting on their own cul tural values and identity in an effort to recognise the impact their own culture has on their practice. It is important for midwives to understand their position of power within the healthcare system (Page McCandlish, 2006). It is in most women’s best interest to have a normal physiological labour and birth as it provides the best physical and emotional outcomes for both mothers and their babies. It is the midwife’s role to ensure birth proceeds as normally as possible and interventions are only used when absolutely necessary. To achieve this, midwives need to understand the factors that promote and adversely affect the normal physiological birth process and any environmental factors that may negatively or positively impact on a woman’s labour and birth. There are a number of different models of care available to pregnant women, however it has been found that a midwife-led continuity of care model gives the best possible chance for a normal physiological birth and labour. Midwives need to create a calm, quiet, culturally safe, supportive environment where women feel safe and secure to use their natural birthing instincts and encourage position changes where appropriate. The environme nt needs to be well equipped with comforts such as pillows and beanbags and any safety equipment that may be needed. Although it can be difficult to facilitate a normal physiological labour and birth within a medically dominated environment, if midwives have strong leadership and are well educated to facilitate normal physiological birth they are more likely to increase the rates of normal birth.

The Decision: Finding the Right College Essay -- Informative, College

A student sifts through stacks of once enticing, but now monotonous mail. They all seem to have the same message, pleading with the student to consider attending their school. The letters outline details about certain features the school has that may make them stand out among the crowd. Most of the schools are ones that the student has never even heard of. The student, tired of looking through these boring letters, decides to go online and look at some of the colleges that caught their eye. A student and his parents sit across from each other at the dining room table. Laid out in front of them are papers detailing different college’s financial outlook. They discuss the pros and cons of each school, and talk about how money is a factor to where he goes. Somewhere across the country, a prospective student-athlete is on the phone with a coach from the basketball team. The coach is telling the student all about what the school offers for their major and what kind of players they a re trying to recruit. The coach also asks the student questions about normal life as well, trying to establish a solid relationship which can make or break the recruitment process. Leaves are falling on the sidewalk as a different student tours a potential college. He tours all the main buildings while tossing questions at his tour guide about life on campus. The future can be frightening. For many high school students around the world, the future contains going on to college. This decision of where to go to college can be a time-consuming, mentally exhausting, and plain difficult decision. There are multiple ways this can be done. Every school has an on-line website and sends out mail. By scanning through these, students can get a feel for the school is like... ...d it. By having a plan, the student can save themselves hours of stress because they will not have to go through and research every little detail as their senior year comes to a close. The smartest way to go about making a decision is to make at least one college visit. No letter, web page, or phone call can supersede actually experiencing the college. This is not to say the only item a student should worry about taking tours of colleges. It takes a combination of multiple items to come to a solid and final conclusion on where to go to college. While it may be formidable for a student to think about choosing where to continue college, it can also be an enjoyable process because they student can, for the, decide what kind of experience they want. Students should not be afraid, they need to embrace the process and be ready to enjoy the next four years of their lives. The Decision: Finding the Right College Essay -- Informative, College A student sifts through stacks of once enticing, but now monotonous mail. They all seem to have the same message, pleading with the student to consider attending their school. The letters outline details about certain features the school has that may make them stand out among the crowd. Most of the schools are ones that the student has never even heard of. The student, tired of looking through these boring letters, decides to go online and look at some of the colleges that caught their eye. A student and his parents sit across from each other at the dining room table. Laid out in front of them are papers detailing different college’s financial outlook. They discuss the pros and cons of each school, and talk about how money is a factor to where he goes. Somewhere across the country, a prospective student-athlete is on the phone with a coach from the basketball team. The coach is telling the student all about what the school offers for their major and what kind of players they a re trying to recruit. The coach also asks the student questions about normal life as well, trying to establish a solid relationship which can make or break the recruitment process. Leaves are falling on the sidewalk as a different student tours a potential college. He tours all the main buildings while tossing questions at his tour guide about life on campus. The future can be frightening. For many high school students around the world, the future contains going on to college. This decision of where to go to college can be a time-consuming, mentally exhausting, and plain difficult decision. There are multiple ways this can be done. Every school has an on-line website and sends out mail. By scanning through these, students can get a feel for the school is like... ...d it. By having a plan, the student can save themselves hours of stress because they will not have to go through and research every little detail as their senior year comes to a close. The smartest way to go about making a decision is to make at least one college visit. No letter, web page, or phone call can supersede actually experiencing the college. This is not to say the only item a student should worry about taking tours of colleges. It takes a combination of multiple items to come to a solid and final conclusion on where to go to college. While it may be formidable for a student to think about choosing where to continue college, it can also be an enjoyable process because they student can, for the, decide what kind of experience they want. Students should not be afraid, they need to embrace the process and be ready to enjoy the next four years of their lives.

Fleeting Satisfaction in Madame Bovary Essay -- Madame Bovary Essays

Fleeting Satisfaction in Madame Bovary      Ã‚   The desire to have romance, rapture, and passion can often times be fleeting and momentary where as the foundation of true love and commitment generally stands solid throughout many trials. In Madame Bovary (1857), a novel written by Gustave Flaubert, the main character of the story, Emma Bovary, finds both passion and commitment in different facets yet she chooses to yield herself to the desires of her heart and seek out passion in other men instead of staying in the comfort of commitment offered to her by her husband.    Emma is first introduced in the story when her ailing father needs tending from a local physician. The doctor is Charles Bovary, whom Emma will later marry. Charles is married at the time he first visits Emma's father. However, Charles wife is old and frail and passes away shortly after he meets Emma. Charles then marries Emma and they move to a small town in France named Yohnville, where Charles sets up his practice. Early in their marriage, Charles takes Emma to a party held by the Secretary of State of France in a large chà ¢teau. After a small taste of royalty, Emma is enamored with the romantic feel of living a royal life. She begins feeling unhappy with her marriage, complaining her husband is boring and dull compared to some of the men she had met at the party. She soon seeks out companionship with other men and eventually becomes two different men's mistress. They, however, tire of her romantic ideas and leave her. Throughout her marriage to Charles, and the diff erent relationships she has, all Emma can see is hopelessness and despair, so she eventually eats poison and dies, leaving her husband and her young daughter, Berthe. ... ...irs (441). Though she may not have realized it, Emma's actions affected many more people than just herself.    All Emma Bovary wanted in her life was to be loved with a passionate love, and she eventually was both loved with commitment and loved with passion, but neither of those satisfied her longings. She compromised her standards for the one thing she desired most and eventually paid the ultimate consequence with her life. The need to feel passion and romance is not nearly worth the price of a human being's life. Madame Bovary truly discovered that the desire to have romance, rapture, and passion is often times a fleeting satisfaction whereas the foundation of true love and commitment stands solid throughout many trials.    Work Cited Flaubert, Gustave. The World's Great Classics: Madame Bovary. New York: Grolier Incorporated. 1968.   

Relation of Crime and Family Essays -- Sociology Essays Papers Crimina

Crime is sometimes blamed on the family, with poor parenting, lack of discipline and family breakdown often associated with youth crime. A recurrent theme in academic research has been to investigate the relationship between delinquency and a range of family related factors. Early studies explored child-rearing behaviour, parental discipline, the criminal histories of parents and family size and income. Popular theories in the 1950s and 1960s related juvenile delinquency to material deprivation, broken homes and to the growing number of ‘latch key’ children who were left unsupervised after school while their mothers went to work. All of these presaged current concerns with discipline and the role of single-parent families. What has emerged from this research is that some family factors are related to the likelihood of delinquency but that they must be considered in the context of the socio-economic circumstances of the family and the others factors such as school and the peer group. The following factors have emerged as particularly important. Parental discipline and supervision Parental discipline has always been seen as a major factor underlying youth crime and it was found that inconsistent and erratic discipline are more likely to be associated with delinquency than lax or strict discipline (West and Farrington 1973, 1977). More recent studies have focused on the quality of parental supervision, often measured by whether parents know where their children are when they are not at home. A Home Office study in 1995, for example, found that supervision was strongly related to offending with higher numbers of those who were no... ...ng number of people who are able to work but choose not to, live in a ‘different world’ from others. They do not obtain good habits and discipline and their values contaminate ‘the life of entire neighbourhoods’ (Murray 1996:p123). Men in such communities cannot support families, leading to high rates of illegitimacy, and seek alternative, destructive means of proving that they are men. Whole communities are devastated by crime and young men look up to criminal role models. Whether or not the underclass exists, most agree that industrial restructuring has led to the growth of communities within which the majority of inhabitants are excluded from work and its associated benefits, and that these are also characterised by high amounts of property crime, youth crime and illegal drug use (Davies, Croall & Tyrer 1999).

An Interview Of International Students Education Essay

In order to acquire more precise information and direct consequences, the research was conducted by two chief methodological analysiss, which are interview, and concentrate group. Interview is one of the most effectual and direct manner to analyze the premise made antecedently and compares the consequences with expected 1s. It is besides a manner for participant to acquire involved and speak about their positions and the interviewees are able to discourse their perceptual experience and reading in relation to a given state of affairs. Some argued the interview is non merely concentrated on roll uping informations about life: it is portion of life itself ; its human embeddedness is ineluctable ( Cohen, et al. , 2000 ) . As my research is focused on certain groups of people ‘s life behaviour, therefore interview would be the primary method to be used. Structured interview was considered at first as I thought it would hold more control of the interview and it could be easier to compare all the consequences. However, as the inquiries are instead unfastened, replies are really different from each and during the interview, interviewee would give some reply that may raise another valuable inquiry. The information interviewee are able provide is really more than I thought earlier and it may be better to merely utilize semi structured interview and allow it be more free and that manner I could besides acquire more meritable consequences. Although different inquiries might be used during questioning different pupils, all the inquiries are relevant to the chief research intent. Furthermore, the flexibleness of semi structured interview could overpower the restrictions on statistical analysis that would ensue. And flexibleness in planing and polishing the interview ushers and in put to deathing interviews is perchance the most important key to success in utilizing this method ( Horton, et Al, 2004 ) . Corbetta ( 2003 ) illustrate points like for semi structured interview, within each subject, the interviewer is free to do the conversation as he thinks tantrum, to inquire the inquiries he finds appropriated in the words he considers best, to explicate the inquiries and inquire for elucidation if the reply is non clear and to make his ain manner of conversation. In semi structured interview, a specific hypothesis does non necessitate to be tested needfully by the interviewer ( David & A ; Sutton, 2004 ) . Because the research is seeking to happen out a consequence instead than to turn out a hypothesis, it may be better to follow this type of interview. Ten International pupils from different states were interviewed meanwhile five Chinese pupil were interviewed every bit good. The 15 interviewees claimed they all drink before the interviews officially start. In order to make a relaxed and private ambiance, all the interviews took topographic point in interviewees ‘ room and all of interviewees have their single room in No.11th edifice ( international pupils ‘ abode, No. 12th Building ( postgraduate pupils ‘ abode ) and No. 16th edifice ( Male pupils abode ) . Due to the turning away of mistranslation between Chinese and English, the interviews were conducted wholly in English and the replies were recorded by handwriting drumhead in English every bit good. Some inquiries were added after a few interview were done as comparing the replies between some Chinese pupil interviewees gave and some international pupil interviewees, there will be valuable inquiries emerged. And that could be seen as countries I did non expec t. Semi structured interview gives me chances to examine for thoughts and sentiments of the interviewee. Probing is understood as a manner for the interview to research new waies which were non ab initio thought ( Gray, 2004, p.217 ) . Besides cardinal subjects and sub-questions from interviewee give research worker a sense of order to make inquiries from unplanned brushs ( David & A ; Sutton, 2004, p.87 ) . For illustration, one inquiry was which manner of imbibing do you prefer: the typical Chinese pupil manner of imbibing ( i.e. purchase a bottle and blend it with soft drinks and portion it ) or typical Western pupil manner of imbibing ( i.e. everyone purchase their ain drink ) and why. Most of Chinese pupil and international pupil interviewee answered sooner typical Chinese pupil manner ; nevertheless Chinese pupil interviewee besides claimed they think international pupil by and large would non prefer the typical Chinese pupil manner of imbibing. Consequently a inquiry for inte rnational pupil interviewee â€Å" why do you believe some Chinese pupil claim they think international pupil would non prefer the typical Chinese pupil manner of imbibing † is add up. Furthermore, with the purpose of acquiring more in depth consequences, the model of focal point group were used as 2nd method. A focal point group is a structured group interview. It is an exploratory technique that sets out to happen a scope of sentiments about a peculiar subject ( Hawe et.al. , 1990 ) . Focus groups are particularly effectual for capturing information about societal norms and assortment of sentiment or positions within a population. The population of this research would be two peculiar group- international and Chinese pupils in UNNC. Denzin and Lincoln ( 1994, p.365 ) demonstrate that the term â€Å" concentrate group † could be used to a state of affairs in which the interviewer ask group members really specific inquiries about a subject after comparatively big research has already been completed. Because non everyone will hold the same positions and experiences and due to different in age, gender, entree to resources, and other factors-many different point of view will probably be expressed by participants. Within a survey, focal point groups are typically one method among many that are used to make a complete image of how given issue affects a community of people. Focus groups contributes to this wide apprehension by supplying reasoned informations on societal and cultural norms, the pervasiveness of these norms within the community, and people ‘s sentiment about their ain values. Denzin and Lincoln ( 1994, p.365 ) demonstrate that the term â€Å" concentrate group † could be used to a state of affairs in which the interviewer ask group members really specific inquiries about a subject after comparatively big research has already been completed. Because semi-structured interview had already been done at earlier phase and I want to happen out wider and more in de epness consequence, two focal point groups was formed, and participant were indiscriminately selected, and participants are wholly different from those who took portion in the interview. Harmonizing to Merton et Al, the size of the group should seemingly be determined by tow considerations: it should non be excessively big to manage and non to be excessively little it fails to supply better coverage that an interview with one person. Nevertheless, the figure of participants besides depends on the aims of the research ( Stewart & A ; Shamdasani, 1990 ) . Smaller groups including four to six people can be preferred when the participants have a great trade to portion the subject or hold had adequate experience with the subject that is traveling to be discussed ( Kreuger, 1988, p. 94 ) . Because of deficient clip and I am seeking to cut down cost, besides international pupils and Chinese pupils are both familiar with the research subject and they have their enthusiasm replying the inqui ries, each group consists of five members, of whom the first group with international pupils discusses four inquiries, the 2nd group with all Chinese pupils discoursing the same inquiries. Furthermore, a focal point group should be carefully planned treatment designed to ask perceptual experiences in a defined country of involvement in a permissive, non-threatening environment ( Kreuger, 1988, p. 18 ) . All the inquiries were pre planed and under the way of non being insistent as interview inquiries and the first group treatment took topographic point in a kitchen of international pupils abode, where is regarded like a common room for international pupils and the topographic point they have drinks and socialise. This manner all the participants may experience less intense and more permissive. To do certain the 2nd group participants have a relaxed atmosphere every bit good, the treatment occurred in the juice saloon, a topographic point where Chinese pupils ever like to socialise, l oosen up and holding treatment at that place. The process of the treatments were recorded by tape recording equipment and summarized in word paperss. Ethical motives: Ethical jobs and concerns are portion of mundane pattern of making all sorts of research, particularly in qualitative research. It is argued there are at least two major dimensions of moralss in qualitative research ( Guillemin & A ; Gillam, 2004 ) . The first 1 is â€Å" procedural moralss † that usually involves seeking blessing from a relevant moralss commission to set about research affecting worlds. The 2nd one is â€Å" moralss in pattern † that ethical issues originate in making the research. About the utility in turn toing ethical issues that originate in pattern, professional ethic codifications may be non practical and applicable but merely serve as general guidelines ( Guillemin & A ; Gillam, 2004 ) . Procedural moralss of my research would be evaluated. There are some countries in which ethical jobs face the judge such as keep backing the nature of the rating research from the participant, exposing participants to Acts of the Apostless that would harm them ; invasion of participant ‘s privateness and keep backing benefits from participant and so on ( House, 1993 ) . As for my research, ethic would be examined from the facets of informed consent, confidentiality and privateness. Informed consent in qualitative research is frequently consider unsafe as it indicate that the research worker knows before the event that what it will be in the terminal and its possible effects, nevertheless this is non the instance in qualitative research ( Eisner, 1991 ) . Although as my research is qualitative, I am non able to state the participants what the consequences would be and what effects it would convey, I did informed and explained all the participants the nature of the probe before the interview and concentrate group was initiated. Piccolo & A ; Thomas ( 2008 ) illustrated that the topic should show his/her credence of digesting fraudulence and incommodiousness and the research worker must vouch the safe calabash of confidentiality and the public assistance of the participant. Capable must be made feel that they could discontinue the survey at any clip without any penalty and reverberation. In my instance, all the participants were asked whether if they are willing t o reply the inquiries of their imbibing behaviour and besides give information about their parents ‘ imbibing behaviour as there are inquiries related in the interview. Additionally, they were informed if they feel uncomfortable replying some inquiries they could merely decline to reply it or discontinue the interview or treatment at any minute. Qualitative judges could ever cover with confidentiality by trying procedure and through proficient precautions when the information is analyzed ( Shaw, 2003 ) . The United States National Institution of Heath grants certifications of confidentiality for some probe incorporate private information that may take to stigmatisation or favoritism, information related to utilize of intoxicant, drugs or other habit-forming substances is one of them. Because my research is linked with the use of intoxicant, confidentiality is needed without any uncertainty. In order to do informations drumhead easier, I had asked all of the participants ‘ full name, age and nationality. Their information along with interview responds transcript is traveling to be destroyed after informations analysis is done. The record tape and the paperss that have all the information in would be destroyed and deleted. Interviewees and participants were told their information would be vanished after the research is d one and they gave their information voluntarily. Furthermore, I chose to hold the interviews and concentrate group in participants ain room protected participants ‘ privateness as they were speaking their ain behaviour. Restrictions The restrictions of this survey Begin with me, as a research worker. I am restricted with timing, deficiency of certain cognition and entree. Basically, being an undergraduate pupil, non-professional and missing in assurance due to this being the first research survey could impact what I have to show. One restriction of my research could be related to reflexiveness as semi structured interview is one of the method I used in the research. The interview has been important for deconstructing the production of cognition within research, taking to concerns over how we understand another individual ‘s â€Å" universe position † , however, when it comes to concerns over method or analysis within the academy, reflexiveness is frequently limited to either an analysis of the kineticss between the interviewer and the interviewee or warning of biased caused by temperament of the research worker ( Briggs, 2002 ) . As mentioned earlier, there were some inquiry of the interview were added and modified after a few interview as done, responds of some early interviewee have effects on the coevals of the inquiry. Their replies changed my perceptual experience of some certain country before planing the inquiries and I have to alter and add inquiries in the terminal to acquire more accura te and specific informations. Furthermore, being a Chinese pupil making interview that contains inquiries about other people ‘s position of Chinese pupils ‘ imbibing behaviour, interviewee sometimes may believe twice before replying some inquiries and being conservative non give all the responds they want because my nationality is impacting them. Besides there might be some grade of demand features existed during the interview. A demand characteristicA refers to an experimental artefact where participants form an reading of the experiment ‘s intent and unconsciously change their behaviour consequently. There are some of the inquiry of the interview could be misdirecting the interviewee give replies they anticipant the interviewer would desire. For illustration inquiry No. 17 assumed Chinese pupil would travel to the ideal pupil saloon on a regular basis, this may give them the incorrect thought I want the reply that there would be more interaction between Chinese a nd international pupils if there was of all time a ideal pupil saloon. Other restrictions could non be neglected every bit good. Due to the ground this is my first research, I am a comparatively inexperient interviewer, which may ensue non able to inquire prompt inquiries and some relevant informations might non be gathered. With the method of semi structured interview itself, non merely the informations could be inaccurate, but besides it could hold undependable informations as it is non-standardized and different inquiries were asked for the interview. And the cogency could be questionable as I am non able to happen out if the respondents were lying. Furthermore, sample of my research could be excessively little as I merely interviewed 15 interviewees and the figure of Chinese pupil participants and international pupils participants were non the same, this could make colored consequences. Meanwhile, the usage of focal point group may hold similar defects. Datas could be undependable and cogency should be argued every bit good as the little figure of r espondents bounds generalisation to the wider population. Besides during the procedure of making focal point group interview, there was a group member of international pupils ‘ group being over strong and dominant of the treatment which could do colored consequences. Methodology Participant observation Interview Ethical motives Reflexivity ( include demand features )

Hnrs. Renaissance History Chapter 17 & 18 Study Guide Essay

1. The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were who? John Locke and Isaac Newton 2. After 1688, Great Britain permitted religious toleration to which groups? Lutherans, Jews, and Muslims 3. This nation was significantly freer than any other European nation at the beginning of the Enlightenment. What nation is this? Great Britain 4. An expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a new and increasing influential social force called what? public opinion 5. Written by Voltaire in English and later translated to French, this book praised the virtues of the English, especially their religious liberty, and implicitly criticized the abuses of French society. What is this book’s title? Letters on the English 6. Philosophies criticized the Christian church for many things, but not for what? Taking too limited a role in national politics. 7. The two major points in the Deists’ creed were what? The belief in an afterlife dependent upon one’s earthly actions and the existence of a rational God. 8. Which of the following figures came closest to atheism in their religious thinking? Baron d’Holbach 9. According to Ethics, the most famous of his works, this man closely identified God and nature, an idea for which his contemporaries condemned him. Who was this? Spinoza 10. This 18th century philosopher was known as the â€Å"Jewish Socrates†. Who is this man? Mendelssohn 11. Pascal and other critics saw this as an exceptionally carnal or sexually promiscuous religion because of its teaching that heaven was a place of sensuous delights. What is this religion? Islam 12. The Encyclopedia did what? secularized learning and spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe 13. He published On Crimes and Punishments, in which he applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective an d just. Who is this? Marquis Cesare Beccaria 14. Adam Smith advocated what? The ending of England’s mercantile system. 15. According to Smith, government should provide what? Schools, armies, navies and roads. 16. According to Smith’s four-stage theory, human societies moved from where to where? Barbarism to Civilization 17. The most important political thought of the Enlightenment occurred in what country? France 18. He contended that the process of civilization and the Enlightenment had corrupted human nature. Who is he? Rousseau 19. Based on his ideas and traditions, most 18th-century political thinkers regarded human beings as individuals and society as a collection of individuals pursing personal, selfish goals. Who is this? John Locke 20. Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment favored what? the extension of European empires across the world 21. Herder is famous for his early views concerning what? cultural relativism 22. The philosophies generally were not what? avid feminists 23. He maintained that women were not naturally inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in society. He was also sympathetic in his observations concerning the value placed on women’s appearance and the prejudice women met as they aged. Who was he? Montesquieu 24. Which of the following styles of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light? Rococo 25. Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world? Neoclassicism 26. Neoclassical paintings were didactic rather than emotional and their subject matter usually concerned what? Public life or public morals. 27. He was a strong monarchist who in 1759 published a History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great, which declared, â€Å"Peter was born, and Russia was formed!† Who said this? Voltair e 28. Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catharine II made â€Å"enlightened† reforms as part of their drive to do what? Increase revenues and gain political support. 29. This monarch embodies enlightened absolutism more than any other. He/she forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a growing bureaucracy? Frederick the Great 30. Monarchs associated with enlightened absolutism included all of the following rulers: Maria Theresa, Joseph II, Frederick the Great, Catherine II 31. Of all the rising states of the 18th century, this state was the most diverse in its people and problems. What is this state? Austria 32. Maria Theresa of Austria did all of the following: limited the amount of labor the nobility could demand from peasants; established a very efficient tax system; expanded primary education; created central councils to deal with political problems 33. Joseph II of Austria: sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantry 34. Catherine the Great of Russia did what? built a strong alliance with the nobility 35. As part of her territorial aspirations, Catherine the Great painlessly annexed what newly independent state in 1783? Crimea 36. King Louis XVI convened the Estates General in order to do what? raise tax revenues 37. The French parlements spoke for the interests of what group? The Aristocracy 38. He was responsible for the introduction of the revolutionary land tax that all landowners would have to pay regardless of their social status. Who is he? Charles Alexandre de Calonne 39. The parliament of Paris declared that only the_______________ could establish new taxes. Estates General 40. The Second Estate of the Estates General was made up of what group? The Nobility 41. By the following way the aristocracy attempted to limit the influence of the Third Estate. What is this attempt? They demanded that each estate have an equal number of representatives 42. The cahiers de doleances presented to the king included all of the following grievances: Government waste, corruption, indirect taxes, and the hunting rights of the aristocracy. 43. The Tennis Court Oath refers to an oath taken by what party? National Assembly to give France a constitution 44. Throughout the winter and spring of 1789, the high prices for what commodity produced many riots? Bread 45. â€Å"The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen† was proclaimed by what group? the National Constituent Assembly 46. During the Great Fear what happened? Peasants reclaimed rights and property they had lost to aristocratic resurgence. 47. Which of the following best describes the form of government pursued by the National Constituent Assembly? constitutional monarchy 48. According to the suffrage stipulations of the Constitution of 1791, approximately how many of France’s 25 million citizens were qualified to vote? 50,000 49. The Chapelier Law did what? forbade workers’ associations 50. The Roman Catholic Church condemned the _________________________. French Revolution 51. The following statement about the Jacobins are not true: they were the most conservative political group in the National Constituent Assembly 52. The term â€Å"sans culottes† was used in revolutionary France to refer to what? Workers 53. The sans culottes wanted what above all else? Democracy 54. Louis XVI was condemned to death on the charge of what? Conspiring against the liberty of the people. 55. As Prime Minister of England, William Pitt the Younger did what? Suppressed reform AND popular movements 56. The following best summarizes Edmund Burke’s view of the French Revolution: He believed it was shortsighted and politically ignorant 57. By April 1793, the following countries were at war with France: Spain, Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia 58. Issued in August of 1793, the là ©vee en masse was a what? military requisition on the entire population 59. By late 1794, the French army was the _______________________ in European history. Largest army 60. The core value of the republic of virtue created by the revolution was what? Public good over private good 61. The following was not part of the ideology embraced by Maximilien de Robespierre? Embrace Christianity 62. Many victims of the Reign of Terror were subject to what â€Å"humane† form of execution? Guillotine 63. The Law of 22 Prairial, passed on June 10 of 1794, permitted the _________ __________________________ without substantial evidence. conviction of counterrevolutionaries 64. The Thermidorian reaction resulted in all of the following: a pull back from the radical revolution; a new constitution; the closing of the Paris Jacobin Club; the reduction of the political power of the sans culottes 65. The â€Å"Bands of Jesus† did what? murdered suspected Jacobins 66. The following best summarizes the comparison of freedoms exercised by women before 1789 versus after 1795? Women had more freedom before 1789 67. The French Revolution has often been considered a victory of what group? Bourgeoisie 68. The Treaties of Basel in March and June 1795 concluded peace with whom? Spain and Prussia