No Clear Link Between TV Violence and Aggression Essay -- Television,

No Clear Link Between Television Violence and Aggression    There is a great deal of speculation on the role of television violence in childhood aggression.   Research demonstrates there may be other intervening variables causing aggression.   These variables include IQ, social class, parental punishment, parental aggression, hereditary, environmental, and modeling.   With all of these factors to taken into consideration it is difficult to determine a causal relationship between television violence and aggression.   It is my hypothesis this relationship is bi-directional - violent television causes aggressive behavior and aggressive people tend to watch more violent television.    Over the years there has been a large amount of research published, many with conflicting results, to the question of a causal link existing between the viewing of televised violence and childhood aggression.   It is an important question because if violent television is linked to childhood aggression we need to adapt our television shows accordingly.    Early 1960's Research    There is earlier research, but the first association between violent television and aggression was in the early 1960's when Albert Bandura began researching his modeling theory.   His series of experiments first set the precedent for a relationship between violent television viewing and aggression.   He felt children would model or imitate adult behavior.   In one study he subjected children to both aggressive and non- aggressive adult models and then tested them for imitative behavior in the presence of the model.   His theory was demonstrated when children readily imitated behavior exhibited by an adult model .. ...al Psychology, 67, 601-607. Eron, L.D. (1963).   Relationship of television viewing habits and aggressive behavior in children.   Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 193-196. Eron, L.D. (1982).   Parent-child interaction, television, violence and aggression of children.   American Psychologist, 37, 197-211. Eron, L.D., Huesmann, L.R., Lefkowitz, M.M. & Walder, L.O. (1972).   Does television violence cause aggression?   American Psychologist, 27, 253-263. Freeman, J.L. (1984).   Effect of television violence on aggressiveness. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 227-246. Friedrich-Cofer, L. & Huston, A.C. (1986).   Television violence and aggression: The debate continues.   Psychological Bulletin, 100, 364- 371. Kaplan, R.M. & Singer, R.D. (1976).   TV violence and viewer aggression: A reexamination of the evidence. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 33-70.

Understanding Nonverbal Communication

Communication is more than just an exchange of dialogue. Sometimes, even the most powerful messages are unsaid or nonverbal. Nonverbal communication reminds you of what is inside another person’s mind. Emotions and thoughts are usually conveyed without the use of words or voice, but the best communicators are sensitive to its messages. Nonverbal communication includes facial expression, gestures, body language, and the use of space. A study over at UCLA indicated that around 93 percent of communication effectiveness is determined by nonverbal cues. Another study shows that the impact of a singing performance was determined seven percent on the words used, 38 percent by voice quality, and 55 percent by nonverbal communication. Nonverbal behavior also reflects a person’s true emotions and thoughts. A speaker may try to say one thing, but his body language and the tiniest of facial expressions tells otherwise. However, multicultural differences in body language and gestures are usually open to misinterpretation. Greeks would nod their heads when they mean â€Å"no,† which we would instantly misunderstand for a â€Å"yes. † Brazilians, meanwhile, would find the OK sign vulgar. With the thumb and index finger forming a circle and the three other fingers are extended, for them it means â€Å"you’re an a-hole. † With these in mind, nonverbal communication can be a vital tool in screening job candidates. If you want to determine what is really on each interviewee’s mind, you need to pay close attention to the following. Watch their body language – People communicate on many level. Their facial expressions, eye contact, posture, hand and feet gestures, body movement, and even appearance can determine a person’s confidence level as well as the emotions conveyed. In fact, how a job applicant sits in the lobby can say a lot about his skills, strengths, weaknesses, and concerns. Check if the verbal and nonverbal communication agrees with each other – If a person says one thing but his body gesture tells you otherwise, give more weight on what he does not say. He may try to mask his thoughts by saying things differently, but his nonverbal behavior would most likely show it. Practice reading nonverbal communication – We do not become experts in nonverbal communication overnight. Understanding this types of communication takes time and practice. The first step is to recognize the power of what is unspoken, as well as following your gut whether what the applicant said is true.

Junk Food

The argument as to whether or not schools should be able to sell junk food is a highly controversial topic. To begin with, there is the problem to defining junk foods. Are we talking about potato chips, soda, and Twinkies? What about fried chicken fingers, cheeseburgers, and pizza-foods many schools serve? Most cases, when faced with the decision, a child will no doubt choose what is offered without knowing it is a health issue. What would a change in the availability of these snacks teach children?Some argue that removing these snacks from schools takes away rights. Although the selling of unhealthy foods serves as a source for additional revenue for schools, school administrators should ban the sale of items that promote an unhealthy lifestyle. Not only does junk food cause unhealthy eating habits that lead to child hood obesity, but it also contributes to health issues such as diabetes, heart disease. Fast food or junk food has had a big effect on the community that many people do n’t realize.The industry markets foods to kids often advertizing to them on their way home from school and during programming watched after school. A lot of the food Is high in sugar and fat. Public opinion on the issue is varied. Poor eating habits developed at an early age can lead to a lifetime of health issues. School is where children spend most of their time, and it’s where we lay the foundation of healthy habits. In an online poll 40% of parents stated that their child doesn’t eat breakfast on a regular basis.That means 20 to 50 percent of these students total daily calories are coming from these unhealthy lunches and vending machines at school. This can be a can of soda, perhaps washing down a chocolate bar followed by a bag of potato chips. Students may be junk food junkies but the schools are hooked as well and have become increasingly dependent on the revenue that soda and candy machines bring in each year. While soda sales may help supplement the sch ool's bottom line, health experts are increasingly worried that soft drinks are contributing to a student's poor health. t was concluded that teen-aged boys' soda consumption has tripled in the last 20 years and doubled for girls. Teens now drink twice as much soda as milk. On the other hand, children are taught in the classroom about good nutrition and the value of a healthy lifestyle, but we continue to make the junk food available to them. Our children's eating habits are engrained in them from a young age, so what are we teaching our children? At what cost is it ok for junk food to be available o them at school? For the first time, the government is proposing broad standards to make sure all foods sold in schools are healthier. Under the Agriculture Department proposed on 2/1/2013, food like fatty chips, snack cakes, nachos and mozzarella sticks would be taken out of lunch and vending machines, to be replaced by baked chips, trial mix, and diet soda. Food sold through vending ma chines has never before been federally regulated. Junk Food The argument as to whether or not schools should be able to sell junk food is a highly controversial topic. To begin with, there is the problem to defining junk foods. Are we talking about potato chips, soda, and Twinkies? What about fried chicken fingers, cheeseburgers, and pizza-foods many schools serve? Most cases, when faced with the decision, a child will no doubt choose what is offered without knowing it is a health issue. What would a change in the availability of these snacks teach children?Some argue that removing these snacks from schools takes away rights. Although the selling of unhealthy foods serves as a source for additional revenue for schools, school administrators should ban the sale of items that promote an unhealthy lifestyle. Not only does junk food cause unhealthy eating habits that lead to child hood obesity, but it also contributes to health issues such as diabetes, heart disease. Fast food or junk food has had a big effect on the community that many people do n’t realize.The industry markets foods to kids often advertizing to them on their way home from school and during programming watched after school. A lot of the food Is high in sugar and fat. Public opinion on the issue is varied. Poor eating habits developed at an early age can lead to a lifetime of health issues. School is where children spend most of their time, and it’s where we lay the foundation of healthy habits. In an online poll 40% of parents stated that their child doesn’t eat breakfast on a regular basis.That means 20 to 50 percent of these students total daily calories are coming from these unhealthy lunches and vending machines at school. This can be a can of soda, perhaps washing down a chocolate bar followed by a bag of potato chips. Students may be junk food junkies but the schools are hooked as well and have become increasingly dependent on the revenue that soda and candy machines bring in each year. While soda sales may help supplement the sch ool's bottom line, health experts are increasingly worried that soft drinks are contributing to a student's poor health. t was concluded that teen-aged boys' soda consumption has tripled in the last 20 years and doubled for girls. Teens now drink twice as much soda as milk. On the other hand, children are taught in the classroom about good nutrition and the value of a healthy lifestyle, but we continue to make the junk food available to them. Our children's eating habits are engrained in them from a young age, so what are we teaching our children? At what cost is it ok for junk food to be available o them at school? For the first time, the government is proposing broad standards to make sure all foods sold in schools are healthier. Under the Agriculture Department proposed on 2/1/2013, food like fatty chips, snack cakes, nachos and mozzarella sticks would be taken out of lunch and vending machines, to be replaced by baked chips, trial mix, and diet soda. Food sold through vending ma chines has never before been federally regulated.

Analysis of Challenges and Opportunities in a Global Environment

The need for expansion remains one of the most crucial objectives for any business organization. In addition to dominating the domestic make, certain organization desire to explore wider markets which cause them to work on projects which involve venturing into the foreign markets (Amoako, 2003).   Internationalization of operations is always accompanied by a number of challenges which could be attributed to the dynamic nature of the foreign market areas. According to Cairns and Sliwa 2008), the dynamic nature leads to occasional changes in the consumer preferences, prices of products, variations in customer and supplier bargaining power as well as changes in both the company and host country policies. In order to have a good grip of the foreign markets, it is therefore vital for business organizations to put in place the right strategies. These strategies are always aimed at enhancing the competitive levels of the company within the global environment. Additionally, when companies put in place the right approaches to operation, they are likely to enhance sustainability and hence be able to stay relevant in such environments despite the noted challenges. This essay highlights and discusses some of the challenges faced by business organizations and managers while operating in a global environment. The discussion shall also entail some of the opportunities that may be established within the global fonts which the business organization could take advantage of in order to achieve international success. The study derives illustrations from Qantas Airways which one of the leading multinational corporations not only in Australia but in the world. Through the review of literature as the main qualitative approach to data collection, the discussion shall therefore focus on some of the challenges faced by the mentioned company in its bid to gain international stability in the ever changing global environment. In a bid to ensure the stability of its market base, an organization needs to conduct a thorough feasibility test and hence establish some of the possible obstacles to global development (Cantwell and Narula, 2004). At the same time, it is a fact worth noting that the challenges to international development may not have a holistic solution in the near future due to the fact that they take various trends as days go by. However, a good understanding and projection of these challenges could play a crucial role in helping managers come up with the most effective counter measures. To begin with, one of the most common challenges to operating in a global environment is the aspect of changes in the political atmosphere as one move from country to another. While some countries enjoy a relatively stable political environment, there are those areas characterized by political turmoil which in turn cause instability in a number of aspects (Calof, 2009). For instance, the political atmosphere within a given country largely influences the nature of governance. The government structure and the leadership approaches in turn influence the kind of policies put in place to control a number of aspects within the country which also includes control of international investors, business practices as well as product prices just to mention but few. The policies implemented by a government, for instance the ones meant to govern business operations, play a pivotal role in defining the business environment both for the local as well as the foreign investors. Consequently, stringent government polices tend to minimize the scope of operations for the foreign investors which proves to be one of the challenges to associated with operating in a global environment.   According to Caves (2006), the policies may require the organization to employ only a given number of foreign employees. This implies, before venturing into the global market, the organization has to identify and initiate the locals employees into the businesses’ mission and vision, an aspect which is not only time consuming but also involves the use of a lot of resources. It can therefore be deduced that a bad political atmosphere leads to an unstable leadership structure characterized by unfavorable business policies which act as obstacles to smooth operations in a global environment (Cox, 2007). However, in markets where the policies are conducive, the foreign investors are accorded an opportunity to expand their operations since these regulations are supportive enough for business growth. V ariations in political trends from one country to another explain why Qantas Airways continues to struggle in a bid to establish its base in certain countries across Europe, Asia and in Africa. Secondly, there is the aspect of infrastructure. In most developed countries, the level of infrastructural development is at a relatively advanced stage.   This implies that there is easy movement of people and resources from one place to another due to the good network of roads and other forms of transport (Dicken, 1998). Operating in such environments is quite a manageable task for the international organizations. For instance, the good transport systems in most countries Europe, America and Asia explain why Qantas has been able to enhance sustainability in these areas. Additionally, the good communication systems have remained pivotal in enhancing communication between the organization’s management and its clients in addition to the communication aspects involving aerial operations, traffic control and flight control just to mention but few (Dunning, 2003). The good infrastructural developments in these countries have offered a perfect opportunity for Qantas Airways to es tablish its operations in these global environments. However, the level of development of roads and communication systems remains a challenge in most developing countries especially in Africa and some parts of Europe. The poor transport management systems hinder the free movement of customers and employees to and from the airport. For instance, poor road systems lead to the occurrence of jams which may occasionally result in inconveniences especially when the clients are unable to catch their flight on time (Flyvbjerg, 2001). Consequently, the airways have lost some of its clients to alternative modes of transport as a result of such challenges. Thirdly, the aspect of customer bargaining power in addition to the common changes in consumer preferences may acts as another challenge to operating in a global environment.   As stated by Freeman (2010), the unexpected changes in the consumer needs make the global environment quite unpredictable and may easily result in the company losing its customers to a rival supplier. The customer’s bargaining power involves the standards forwarded by the clients with respect to their ability to pay for the services. When the clients bargaining power exceeds the minimal requirements stated by the organization, the final return on investments is likely to be low. Consequently, there would be a need to strike a balance between the client’s bargains and the prices stated by the company. This ensures that both parties gain at the end of the day. The absence of this balance is the root cause of losses incurred by a company. At the same time, the consumer needs keep changing as one m oves from one environment to another. These needs may be attributed to changes in weather, economic status and complexity of flights just to mention but few. When the clients present needs that are beyond the organization’s strength to achieve, there is the likely occurrence of low consumer satisfaction which in turn reduces loyalty. Low customer loyalty is a major challenge to the stability of a foreign organization’s market base. On the other hand,   good business-consumer relations enable a close knit between an organization and its customers. This makes it easy to establish the client feedbacks as well as their changing needs.   Qantas Airways may harness this opportunity to maintain a competitive edge by predicting the changes in consumer preferences and hence adjusting its products and services to fit these needs. The fourth challenge is the presence of competitors in the global market. Qantas Airways, despite being one of the largest industries in the world faces challenges from other effective service providers including Airbus and Singapore Airlines just to mention but few. Additionally, there is also the challenge of the emergence of smaller airlines which offer similar services but at relatively lower prices with the aim of capturing as many clients as possible (Friedman, 2006). The presence of other service providers in the global environment goes a long way in increasing its capacity and instead decreasing the profitability. For instance, when a market comprise several organizations offering the same products and services, customers are likely to weigh and hence pick the most affordable alternatives (Harrison, 2011). This becomes a challenge to international organizations especially in cases where the level of customer loyalty is low. The organizations therefore divide the market and a company gets its clients depending on the level of competitiveness and the effectiveness of the strategies implemented. In order to attain and retain global dominance, it would be crucial for the organization to put in place the most effective strategies. The strategy here ought to involve a careful analysis of the impending challenges and taking advantage of the possible opportunities in bid to cut a competitive edge in the dynamic global market.   One of the core approaches ought to be the conduction of a thorough feasibility test. This approach enables the organization to have in depth understanding of the nature of the foreign market, the variations in the clients’ cultural and social attributes as well as the changes in economic levels (Hartt and Durepos, 2012).   A good understanding of each of these aspects would therefore enable the organization to come up with the right counter measures aimed at curbing the challenges and increasing sustainability. There is an inevitable need for flexibility in the approaches of operation within a global market. For instance, there customer preferences keep changing from time to time based on a number of factors. It would therefore be vital for Qantas Airways to occasionally alter its products and services in order to fit the changing client needs. This could be achieved by altering the product prices, making the planes more spacious and adjusting the fight departures. By studying the trends in the consumer behavior, it is possible to identify their specific needs. The company can then focus on satisfying these needs which leads to customer loyalty and hence market stability despite the high level of competition (Harvey, 2007). Furthermore, the international organization needs to monitor the political trends, the nature of governance and hence the nature of the government policies. Before introducing new products, like new flight schedules, new planes and higher capacity carriers, it would be v ital for the organization to know the effects that the current policies would have on such new projects. Good policies allow for innovation and development while stringent ones hinder effective development. Consequently, Qantas Airways can focus its operations in global environments which are characterized by supportive government polices of international organizations (Johnson and Turner, 2010). The study above reveals a number of challenges which could be associated with managing a business in a global environment. These include changing customer preferences, government policies, level of infrastructure as well as the presence of competitors. As a result, business organizations intending to remain relevant in the dynamic corporate market ought to stay aggressive with its strategies and approach to management. Implementing the right business practices would enhance organizational sustainability in the global environment. Amoako, G. (2003) ‘The relationships among selected business environment factors and manufacturing strategy: insights from an emerging economy’, Omega, 31(1), pp. 287-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   301. Cairns, G. and Sliwa, M. (2008) A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book about International Business, London: Sage Publication. Cantwell, J. and Narula, R. (2004) ‘International business and the eclectic paradigm: developing the OLI framework’, Journal of International Business Studies, 35(1), 456 -458. Calof, J. (2009) ‘Adapting to foreign markets: explaining internationalization’, International   Business Review, 4(2), pp. 115-130. Caves, E. (2006) Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis, 2 nd Edn., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Cox, D. (2007) Risk taking and information handling in consumer behaviour – an intensive of two cases’ in Cox, D. (ed.) Risk taking and information handling. Boston, MA: Harvard   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press Dicken, P. (1998) Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy, 3 rd Edn., New York: Guilford Press. Dunning, J. (2003) Multinational enterprise and the global economy, Addison-Wesley   Publishers, England, Viewed 7 April 2016. Flyvbjerg, J. (2001)  Making Social Science Matter: Why Social Inquiry Fails and How It Can Succeed Again. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Freeman, R. (2010) Strategic management: a stakeholder approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Friedman, T. (2006) The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century, California: Farrat, Straus, and Giroux. Harrison, A. (2011) ‘International Entry and Country Analysis’, A lecture programme delivered    at technical university of Kosice, viewed 7 April 2016. Hartt, C. and Durepos, G. (2012) ‘Markets, organizations, institutions and national identity: Pan American Airways, postcoloniality and Latin America’. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 8(1), pp. 14 – 36. Harvey, D. (2007). A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press. Johnson, D. and Turner, C. (2010) International Business, 2 nd Edn., London: Routledge.

How Evil Has Evolved from the Early Witch Craze to Contemporary Ideas Essay

How Evil Has Evolved from the Early Witch Craze to Contemporary Ideas on Evil - Essay Example Exactly where did Satan evolve? The first appearance of Satan or the concept of Satan began following the Babylonian captivity of Judah in the 4th and 5th centuries. â€Å"Shatan† became known as the evil one to the Persians, as they became fearful of the Israelites. The Israelite faith adapted to the figure God, and he became the creator of good and Satan became the evil one. In ancient times good and evil pagans were formed as early cultures began to change from hunters of food to gradual farming societies. Gods and Goddesses of the Harvest were formed, as a way of giving thanks to what was harvested. Eastern and Western Europe were the first to see magical practices and witchcraft through all cultures shortly after. However, witchcraft, was not given the name witchcraft until the 13th century when the Anglo-Saxons formed covens. Dracula also has a history of being one from the dark side. Oblivious to some in our society, the name Dracula evolved from a Vlad Dracul who actua lly lived in Romania in the 14th century. Vlad Tepes was born on December 1431 in Sighisoara, Romania and his father was the governor of Transylvania. He was inducted into the Order of Dragon, which was a military/religious society, one year before. The primary goal of the society was a crusade for good, and war against the Turks. The Boyars of Romania felt that the Order of Dragon was evil, and associated it with the Devil They dubbed Vlad’s father â€Å"Dracul†, which in Romanian means Devil. Thus, Dracula evolved from the name, which means â€Å"the son of the devil.† The 15th century brought about the Witch Trials, which began in 1490, and these times have been called â€Å"the burning times.† England established the first and second Witchcraft Act, which made it illegal to organize covens in the 16th century. From this time forward, the covens were forced to go underground and become secret. A new and stricter law was passed in the early 16th century and was able to stay in place until the early 17th century; however, hysteria broke out in England, and tricked to the American colonies. The Salem Witch Trails began in Massachusetts during the late 1600s. Evil at its highest point expanded to include hangings, drowning and burnings at the stake. By the 18th century, England gained some stability, and the 16th century Witchcraft Act was repealed by King George II. By the 19th century, some of the secret covens began stepping into the public eye, and many books and publications on the subject were written in England. By the 20th Century the last Witchcraft Act of England was reformed, and the Craft was no longer illegal by 1951. Wicca was formed in 1951, which combines beliefs from folklore and mythology and was seen as a woman’s religion. In the 21st century or the â€Å"New Age,† native American beliefs become popular through TV and movies. This brings pagan beliefs to the surface as an acceptable and open religion. In 2007 the Veterans Administration approves the Pentagram’s use as a symbol acceptable on headstones in military cemeteries. From ancient times to our modern present times, good and evil have always been a part of our lives. If there is a good, then in retrospect there has to be an evil; is this true? There are natural evil occurrences in our society, floods and earthquakes, being struck by lightning and terminal illnesses. These all bring devastation, death and despair. But there is also humanistic evil, which most psychologist would call abnormal human traits. This is a question of moral evil and how our society views good and evil. As the timeline indicates we have drastically relaxed our values to allow evil a comfortable place in our society. This is not to say that good is better or evil is

Perceptions of the food marketing environment among African American Essay

Perceptions of the food marketing environment among African American teen girls and adults review and analysis - Essay Example The critique is done from a qualitative perspective, making use of a standardized framework for critiquing qualitative research articles. Basically, the framework is applied in such a way that it posses qualitative questions about the article and attempts to answer these from the researcher’s view point. The questions used in the framework are provided at the appendix section of this paper. It would be noted that as far as the positioning of the researchers epistemologically is concerned, they tried though the creation of hypotheses to find knowledge with which data was collected to identify its limits and validity. This was done in a very broad and open ended manner so as to ensure that the nature and grounds of knowledge that was being tested was based on the broader scope of the research problem that they were working with. Because qualitative studies have often been criticized as being more subjective rather than objective, the researchers attempted through their sampling method to ensure that there was much objectivity with the data collection process as possible. Generally, the researchers positioned themselves as facilitators who only ensured the free flow of the data collection process, rather than becoming active participants or influencing the actual content of data that was included in the study. To this end, the photographic technique and discussion methods used were largely executed among the respondents themselves. Theoretically, the researchers set their work on the stage of the influence of food advertisement on people. The aims or rationale for this theoretical perspective was identified as the direct relationship that food advertisement and for that matter food marketing environment has on the health of people, especially the African American female population. The theoretical perspective that was selected gave the researchers a multi-diverse area of research, which included health implications of the food marketing environment among Af rican American teen girls and adults. Even though the researchers attempt to make the purpose and problem of the study clearly known in their introduction, they make no attempt to do this by clearly and explicitly stating this as research objectives or research questions. Meanwhile in qualitative research of this nature, the use of specific objectives and research questions have been found to be very useful setting a scope for the researcher in terms of areas to limit themselves to in the data collection process. It also makes the assessment of the achievability of the research problem easier (Kwate and Loh, 2010). For a qualitative research, the method used by the researchers, which was the photographic technique and discussion method, can be identified as highly suitable for the context of the study. This is because these two methods ensured that much focus was given to the respondents and their socio-cultural behavioral attitudes when it comes to food marketing environment. The m ethods were also highly interactive, making participation very proactive and ensuring that better rapport was created between respondents and researchers. There was no audit trail used in the study. Somehow, this could be said to have affected the data collecti

Qualitative and Quantitative Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Qualitative and Quantitative Research - Essay Example This implies that the two methods are dependent on the data needed by a research and the subject of the research itself. In some cases, both of these methods can be used together. Pluralistic research is the term used to refer to a situation in which both the qualitative and quantitative approaches are mixed in one research project. The mixture of both of these research methods could result in a number of benefits and also come with costs or disadvantages to the researcher. This paper gives a review of the points of divergence between the two methods of research. Advantages and disadvantages of combining the two methods of research in one project are also given. From the definition of the two research method, significant differences are. This difference comes from the use of the method. While qualitative methods mainly try to give a justification of a phenomenon, the quantitative method aims at giving the amount of data to support or disapprove a hypothesis. This means that the data that will be obtained in a qualitative research is also of substantively different from the type obtained in quantitative research (Pierce 2008). In ordered to explain a fact or a phenomenon, reasoning is the only possible way to achieve this. The data that will be available, in this case, are descriptions of different processes or occurrence within a phenomenon. In the quantitative method, the data usually obtained gives a numeric value of the aspect being measured. This value can be the frequency of an occurrence or the magnitude of a phenomenon. As such these methods vary in terms of the data collected and the purpose of research. While the purpose of the quan titative method id to measure the numeric value of a phenomenon, the qualitative method aims ad delivering the meaning or the reason behind the occurrence (Bryman, 1988).